Design Details for Accessible Di S,N‚S,N‚S,N‚ BOOKMOBIÿÿÿ¬ ) 9 I Y i y ‰ ™ © ¹ É Ù é ù ) 9 I Y i y ‰ ™ © – MOBI ýé_Žt
Design Details for Accessible Disaster Relief Housing
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) has been extensively involved in supporting research and development on building technology innovations, construction systems, products, standards, regulations, and code issues that affect the affordability, safety, and livability of the nation’s housing. HUD has worked with
the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to improve the performance of temporary
housing for disaster survivors. Accessibility is critical to the success of those homes. This publication will
enhance the ability of designers and manufacturers to better respond to the demands of a post-disaster
environment with quality, accessible disaster relief housing. These design details are in the public
domain and are available to anyone who may find them useful. While there are many graphic examples
included in this publication, it is not the intent of this project to create an “approved government
design.” This booklet is meant to be a guideline for accessible design ideas only, and be used as a
supplementary resource for those implementing, designing, and manufacturing disaster housing.
Visit PD&R’s website www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s Research and Information Service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources), access to public use databases, hotline (1-800-245-2691) for help accessing the information you need.
A manual to assist designers and builders in creating emergency, transportable, temporary dwellings complying with the accessibility requirements of the 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design and the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
A publication of the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
Prepared by
Mark J. Mazz, AIA, and Loreen H. Arnold, AIA LEED AP November 2013
Acknowledgments
The authors of this publication wish to thank the many individuals and organizations that provided assistance with this publication. The various stakeholders and technical experts who reviewed the publication, assisted with the research phase of this work and shared their firsthand experiences with disaster relief housing were essential to our ability to create a publication that is relevant and significant.
Requirements for accessible features in dwellings are compiled from many sources including: The Architectural Barriers Act (ABA)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
The International Residential Code (IRC)
The Access Board’s Emergency Transportable Housing Report
Technical provisions in this publication reference: The Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS)
The 2010 Americans w ith Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design
Endnote citations are located in the last section of this publication.
Unless otherwise noted, all details in this publication are intended to comply with UFAS, 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design, Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (MHCSS), IRC 2009 and the Access Board’s Recommendations in their Emergency Transportable Housing Report as of July 30, 2011. The design and construction requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design, the Architectural Barriers Act, and Section
504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, and the International Building Code are subject to various and possibly contradictory interpretations. Mark J. Mazz, AIA, and Loreen Arnold, AIA LEED AP, therefore, have used reasonable professional effort and judgment to interpret the applicable requirements. Mark J. Mazz, AIA, and Loreen Arnold, AIA LEED AP, do not warrant or guarantee that this publication complies with all interpretations of the laws, regulations, standards, and codes. The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or the U.S. government.
The creation of emergency transportable, temporary housing that includes accessible features requires a specific set of tools that address unique design and construction challenges. These dwelling units are some of the smallest produced for housing,and they must accommodate a variety of functional criteria for mobility that often seems in conflict with the spatial requirements for accessibility. While the design and construction of accessible housing for disaster survivors requires attention to detailand some less common construction approaches,it can be relatively straightforward when integrated into the design and construction process. Many builders may find that the accessibility features of these homes are easily implemented and provide value for all residents.
This is not a regulatory document, but is intended to illustrate possible solutions,provide guidance to designers wishing to create accessible disaster relief housing,and aid the manufacturing industry. The focus of this publication is on the interior of these dwellings and is not site-specific, and so it does not include essential accessibility aspects of locating and installing the structures on site. Dwelling design is a creative process, and this document provides some approaches that can be used as a “point of departure” for designers to create safe, accessible housing units. Descriptions and graphic illustrations
of accessible elements are provided in these pages,but it is not the intent of this guide to limit develop
ment of other accessible solutions,or to imply that this is a complete directory of all possible arrange ments. It is also not the intent of this publication to replace,or be used in place of, existing standards and codes for manufactured and transportable dwelling units, and those involved in the creation of this housing must still diligently verify compliance once constructed. It is the goal of this publication that
many may find this information useful in creating well-functioning housing for those who have had their lives disrupted by a disaster.
Types of Disaster Relief Housing
Travel Trailers, Park Model Homes,Manufactured Homes .......................... 1
Rooms and Spaces
Accessible Design ......................................................................................... 2
Front Porches ...............................................................................................8
Living and Dining Rooms ........................................................................ ......9
Kitchens ...................................................................................................... 11
Bedrooms ................................................................................................... 15
Closets ........................................................................................................ 16
Bathrooms .................................................................................................. 17
Washers and Dryers ...................................................................................22
Utility Areas ................................................................................................ 23
Detail Elements
Specific Detail Elements ........................................................................................24
Doors .......................................................................................................... 24
Swinging Doors .......................................................................................... 25
Sliding Doors............................................................................................... 27
Door Hardware........................................................................................... 28
Door Thresholds ......................................................................................... 29
Level Changes and Floor Surfaces ..............................................................32
Operable Parts ........................................................................................... 33
Blocking ...................................................................................................... 35
Grab Bars and Control Areas ......................................................................36
Shower Thresholds .....................................................................................38
Pipe Protection ........................................................................................... 39
Visual and Hearing Features ....................................................................... 40
Appendices
A- Product Resources ................................................................................ 41
B- Furniture Examples ............................................................................... 43
Credits.............................................................................................................................. 45
Endnotes .......................................................................................................................... 47
..
VII
Travel Trailers provide an extremely mobile temporary housing solution for disaster relief efforts. They are the smallest type of emergency transportable housing, generally no larger than 320 square feet in area with their narrowest dimension typically
8 feet wide. A one bedroom accessible unit will require at least one “slide-out” compartment to provide maneuvering clearances for a resident who uses a wheelchair. The industry uses the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1192
Standard on Recreational Vehicles.
A Park Model home can be rapidly deployed as a disaster relief dwelling
Manufactured Homes can be quickly built and deployed as temporary housing, and also have the added potential to become permanent housing. Manufac
tured homes are the largest of the transport able emergency housing used, generally greater than 400 square feet in area and 12 to 18 feet wide (single section units). These dwellings are regulated by the Manufactured Home Construction and Sa fety Standards (MHCSS;also known as the HUD Code).
Travel trailer with “slide-out” provides additional interior area required for an accessible plan
Park Model Homes (also known as Park Trailer Homes) are typically more spa cious than travel trailers and can accommo date a greater variety of design alternatives. With sizes up to 400 square feet, these units are typically 11feet to 11feet 8 inches wide,
and 34 to 36 feet long. This makes them a good choice for families and allows more flexibility in addressing accessibility needs. The industry uses the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A119.5 and Rec reational Park Trailer Industry Association Standards (RPTIA) in the construction of Park Models.
Manufactured housing can become permanent housing
1
Accessible Design
Accessible Design creates dwelling units that can be used more easily by many individuals. While primarily concerned with specific characteristics that allow full use by a person with mobility impairments it also creates better spaces for individuals with visual or hearing impairments, the senior population, and individuals with multiple disabilities.
There are a number of arrangements or “building blocks” that are essential elements to include when creating accessible disaster relief dwellings. An accessible route connect
ing all spaces and rooms must be provided throughout all spaces in the home. This route
The accessible route should be clear of the extended sofa bed, furniture, appliances, and
cabinets 17'-3"
cannot pass through bathrooms or closets in order to get to living areas, and it must be at least 36 inches wide and have a clear head room of at least 80 inches above the floor. The floor of the accessible route may reduce to 32 inches wide for a distance of no more than 24 inches (such as between fixtures) and it must be level or provide accessible transitions (see “Detail Elements” page 32).
Since alternate ways to arrange furniture are limited in these small dwellings, the designer should verify that the furnishing locations
do not obstruct any part of the accessible route.1.10
Since adding furniture to hold a television may obstruct the accessible route, planning the location on the wall above the table can be a solution
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A floor plan of a living/dining room
2
Accessible Design
In an accessible space, a resident in a wheelchair can enter, turn around, and exit without assistance. Each room must include a turning space having one of two configurations. These configurations
are either a circular turning space, which
requires a floor area of 60 inches diameter, or aT-shaped turning space. The T-shape allows a user to execute a three-point turn within the specific measurements illustrated below and one leg of the turning space may
use knee and toe clearance under an object.
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T-shaped turning space dimensions
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A T-shaped turning space fits well in this bathroom because of its shape
Comparison of different types of turning spaces in a bathroom
3
Accessible Design
Clear floor space is required by a resident in a wheelchair to use appliances, fixtures, and equipment. It is a level, rectangular shaped space 30 inches by 48 inches minimum that is directly adjacent to the accessible route. It can provide either a parallel or a perpendic
ular approach, depending on the application. Specific spaces and conditions may require additional maneuvering clearances such as at plumbing fixtures and doors.
Toe clearance is not required to touch the wall
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Knee and toe clearance is the area under a horizontal element that can be part ofthe clear floor space if it meets specific clear ances. Clearance is required at accessible lavatories, workspaces, sinks, and tables.
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A clear floor space for a person using a wheelchair
Clear floor space -1-11-.f-----.
m ust be adjacent to the accessible route
17“-25”
Knee and toe clearance
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the refrigerator
Clear floor space conditions
Knee and toe clearance
and a forward approach is required at the workspace
4
Accessible Design
Clear floor space that occurs in an alcove has unique requirements for maneuvering. When the approach and clear floor space are within a recess, or have obstructions on all or part ofthree of its sides, maneuvering clearances are increased beyond those required for a non-alcove approach. The alcove can be created by walls, wall depth, or a furnishing arrangement.
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greater than 15"
Alcove maneuvering clearance
parallel approach
Alcove maneuvering clearance forward approach
greater than 24"
5
Accessible Design
Reach ranges set the critical limits for reaching operable parts and accessing storage. They are generally determined by two important factors: the approach or position of the person using
a wheelchair,and whether the person must reach over an obstruction such as a countertop. Reach ranges have both high and low limits. Understanding these is essential in the design of an accessible dwelling.
10" max.
A parallel approach with an unobstructed side reach
A parallel approach with an unobstructed side reach, or a reach over an obstruction shallower than 10 inches, has an upper limit of 48 inches and a lower limit of 15 inches above the floor.
24" max.
Operable parts, such as an electrical outlet, can be furred out to
be 24" from the front edge of a countertop
The top of the shelf of a wall cabinet must be no higher than
46"
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Parallel approaches with side reaches over obstructions
A parallel approach with a side reach over an obstruction that is up to 34 inches high maxi mum, and a reach depth greater than 10 inches and no more than 24 inches wide, has a height limit of 46 inches above the floor.
6
Accessible Design
An unobstructed forward approach
--This reach type might
be used for an operable part such as a doorbell
An unobstructed forward approach allows a reach of 48 inches above the floor. This reach can accommodate an obstruction with knee and toe clearance. such as a countertop, as long as it is not greater than 20 inches deep .
20“-25”
A forward approach over an obstruction
At the accessible countertop a person may need to plug
in an appliance or use a switch on the wall; to be within reach ranges, these operable parts must be no higher than of 44" above
the floor. {Note: the forward reach cannot extend beyond the toes)
A forward approach over an obstruction that is greater than 20 inches deep and up to 25 inches allows a reach of 44 inches. The obstruction must have knee and toe clearance below.
7
Front Porches
Front Porches can provide outdoor space that helps relieve the feeling of being in a small dwelling unit. A porch may have a ramp3 leading on to it and it may also be the main entry for the unit. When fully furnished, a porch must provide an accessible route, a turning space, and maneuvering spaces at doors. In addition to being a desirable architectural feature, the roof
of a porch can have the added benefit of protecting shallow, accessible thresholds from rain infiltration.
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a ramp must be 60" min. x
60" min. (ramp
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1/2" above the
36" surface o f the porch min. (see page 30}
provided by others3
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A 36" wide accessible route leading to the ramp must be clear of furniture and columns
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The width of the porch must accommodate a turning space when furnished (see page 3}
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The 6'-0" recommended dimension provides additional utility and more easily accommodates porch furniture
A floor plan of a front porch at an entry door
8
Living and Dining Rooms
Living and Dining Rooms are usually combined in one space to provide flexibility and multiuse. In the smallest dwellings,a 72-inch-long sofa bed,a coffee table,and a dining
table to seat four people may be provided. One important consideration is to plan an accessible route to the entry door with the sofa bed in the extended position, in case emergency exiting is required. The sofa bed is assumed to be for the use of a person without disabilities.
Wall-mounted television with “thru wall” air handling unit above
The dining table position when the sofabed is in use; the table and chairs should be on casters to make this
move easier
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The dining table position when the dining area is in use
A living/dining area floor plan with furniture arranged for dining/living room use
An accessible route should be clear with the sofabed extended
The same living/dining area floor plan arranged for sleeping use with the sofabed extended
9
Living and Dining Rooms
Spaces for dining must have floors that are flush with the rest ofthe areas (elevated dinette platforms block knee and toe clearance thereby preventing residents who use wheelchairs from approaching the dining table). If the table is provided with a clear floor space with knee and toe clearance, a resident using a wheelchair will be able to approach and use the dining surface.
The dining table clear floor space -----,
is 30“ min. x 48” min. with knee and toe clearance
Slide-out
compartment 1'
depth (minimum recommended)
Travel trailers with a slide-out compartment must have a “flush floor” joint (no change
in level or threshold} when in a clear floor space
12'-3"
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Egress must be provided if the sofa is extended (note the second door)
14'-1"
A living/dining area floor plan
- -+--- A design that provides adequate knee and toe clearance is required for the dining table l.4
Casters allow the table
and chairs to be easily moved
10
Kitchens
Kitehens can take many shapes, but they all must provide specific clearances and features to be usable by a resident in a wheelchair. Kitchens must have accessi ble countertops mounted at a maximum
height of 3 4 inches above the floor at both the sink and at a 30-inch-wide kitchen work
surface adjacent to the range.1 4 A config
uration where the sink is adjacent to the work surface, with a continuous knee and toe clearance underneath these two areas,
is common. Provision of a spray unit and/or gooseneck-type faucet can make dishwashing easier, which is important since most emer gency housing does not have a dishwasher.12
Reach ranges are important criteria in the design of cabinetry and worksurfaces in an accessible kitchen. Reach ranges (see pages 6 and 7) can determine what types of cabinets are used, the dimensions of the cases, and at what height they are installed in the kitchen.
10'-11"
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Since base corner cabinets are generally not accessible storage, it is a good space
to house a compact water heater under the counter
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Pantry cabinets
are a good storage solution in a kitchen with few standard base cabinets
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The sink must have a
30“ min. x 48” min. clear floor space with a forward approach.
Knee and toe clearance must be provided
The kitchen work surface must have a
30“ min. x 48” min. clear floor space with a forward approach and must be adjacent to
the range
An l-shaped kitchen floor plan
11
Kitchens
Since accessible kitchens tend to have few base cabinets, a pantry can
be a solution to provid
ing more storage in the
15“-48” reach range
24"-tall wall cabinets that provide one accessible and one non-accessible shelf can meet the requirement for 50 percent accessible storage
Accessible wall outlets and switches over countertops must be located within reach ranges-full height backsplashes may make installation of outlets under wall cabinets easier
Plumbing pipes must be protected so wheelchair users do not injure themselves
H-- The top surface of accessible shelves can be no higher than
46" above the floor
It is recommended all counter
tops be mounted no more than
34“ above the floor so storage abave can accesst”ble l.4
Pull-out or swing out shelves can make storage easier to access
accessible shelves must be at least
15" above the floor
A kitchen with base and wall cabinets
A parallel approach to an accessible countertop allows a side reach extending to 46 inches over a 34-inch-high base cabinet. This is the maximum height the top surface of an accessible shelf in a wall cabinet can be mounted. Any storage in base cabinets that is less than 15 inches above the floor cannot be reached by many persons who use wheelchairs, and is not considered accessible. At least half of the storage must be located within accessible reach ranges (storage may be calculated by the linear footage ofthe shelf face). Any storage located above 36-inch high countertops is not accessible, since this countertop height exceeds the highest obstruction that a person using a wheelchair can reach over.
12
Rooms and Spaces Kitchens
17’–3”
The kitchen table must have a clear floor space with knee and toe clearance1.4
30” min. x 48” min. forward approach, clear floor space with knee and toe clearance at the sink and workspace
Refrigerator doors should swing 180 degrees to allow a parallel approach, clear floor space with a
centerline within 24” of the
refrigerator centerline
A linear kitchen floor plan
30” min. x 48” min. parallel approach, clear floor space adjacent to the range
A faucet spray unit makes washing dishes an easier task1.2
These cabinet doors slide
into the sides to provide knee
and toe clearances; they can
be closed to conceal pipes
when not in use
In an accessible kitchen, each appliance requires a 30-inch minimum x 48-inch minimum clear floor space with a specific approach. The refrigerator and the range must have a parallel approach. A forward approach with knee and toe clearance is required at both the workspace and sink.
Countertops with base cabinets can have a parallel approach. Though permitted, it is not recommended to use removable cabinetry
in disaster relief housing under accessible countertops.1.7 Movable storage cabinetry with casters may provide flexible, low storage in kitchens.
13
Kitchens
Travel trailers, the smallest of the disaster housing types, require creative approaches to provide accessible features. By using small appliances,adequate maneuvering clearances can be pro vided in the kitchen and the accessible route can remain clear.
A dining table clear floor space must have accessible knee and toe clearance and the floor must be level at the slide out transition
12'-3"
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\ Using a 21" narrow
range with a 13-1/2" wide counter on this side of the stove allows the parallel approach for the range to be centered
Second egress -11---
route
space min.
Small refrigerators that meet required reach ranges are available. Accessible
']reezer over refrigerator" types can
be found as narrow as 28“ wide and as shallow as 31-1/2” deep
A linear kitchen floor plan
14
Bedrooms
60" diameter turning space
9'-7"
Bedrooms must provide an accessible route that allows the resident to approach each piece of furniture and to turn around in the room. The accessible route should also provide access to windows which will
allow the resident to operate the 18
for natural ventilation and for an assisted
emergency
6
escape.
Since the furnishing arrangement choices
are limited in the small spaces of emergency transportable housing, the designer should take actual furniture placement into
i
I consideration when planning the accessible
route and approaches in a bedroom that may have less than 70 square feet in
1 10
A secondary
area. '
Though not a code requi.rement,
bedroom floor plan
If a window is on the accessible route it can be accessed by a resident using a wheelchair
10'-10"
it is recommended that a bed, a small dresser,and a built-in closet be provided in each bedroom. Space for a full-size bed (54 inches wide by 75 inches long) in the Master Bedroom is customary, and Secondary Bedrooms should accommodate a twin
bed (39 inches wide by 75 inches long). The designer should carefully verify minimum bedroom sizes,as some codes require that
the smallest bedroom must not be less than
5
70 square feet in area.
Bunk beds are often used to provide more sleeping area, but it can be difficult for a parent in a wheelchair to reach a sick child in the top bunk. When bunk beds are used in the emergency relief dwelling, the ladder
must not obstruct the clear floor area at the