Local CPI Update Factor for

In FMR areas where at least 75 percent of its metropolitan area's population is covered by a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) local Consumer Price Index (CPI) survey, HUD uses information from the change in "Rent of primary residence" and "Fuels and utilities" from the "Housing" component of the local CPI to update FMRs.

HUD uses CPI data for to update FMRs in because at least 75 percent of the population of is in BLS's CPI area.

This page demonstrates how 2004, 2005 and 2006 local CPI information was used to derive the June, 2005 to December, 2006 update factor of

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for the the FMRs in . CPI data are available through the BLS web site at http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/outside.jsp?survey=cu.

HUD uses the annual change in the "Rent of primary residence" and "Fuels and utilities" indices from the "Housing" component of the regional CPI to update FMRs. This avoids the effect of any unusual seasonal variation in the data as regional CPI data are not seasonally adjusted. These annual data are the latest used because they are the last issued before the final FMRs are set. BLS reports these statistics as index numbers, not actual price levels. The index levels and changes are reported in the table below.

Converting CPI Rent and Utility Data into Gross Rent Change Factors

The FMR is intended to be a measure of gross rent, which means it is supposed to measure the cost of both the contract rent paid to the owner plus the cost of utilities required to make the unit livable (e.g., heating/cooking/hot water fuel, electricity, water and sewer). In some cases, the contract rent paid to the owner includes all relevant utility costs and is therefore the same as the gross rent. In the remaining cases, rent does not include all necessary utilities so contract rent is less than gross rent.

The BLS collects data on the change in contract rents and on the change in costs of utilities. Because utility costs are included in most, but not all rents, BLS's "Rent of primary residence" statistic does not account for all of the effect of changing utility cost on gross rents. At the same time, because BLS's "Rent of primary residence" statistic does include utilities for many cases, it is not a true measure of the change in non-utility rents either. For computational purposes, HUD divides rental units into two categories -- those which have most or all utilities included in the contract rent (defined as "gross rent" units) and those where electricity and heating costs are paid directly by tenants in addition to the contract rent paid (referred to as "shelter rent" units).

In order to filter out the effect of utilities on BLS's "Rent of primary residence" statistic, HUD computes an "Annual Shelter Rent Change Factor," which is combined with BLS's "Fuels and utilities" change factor to compute the "CPI-Based Gross Rent Change". The "Annual Shelter Rent Change Factor" is computed by decomposing BLS's "Rent of primary residence" statistic to remove the influence of utilities. BLS's "Rent of primary residence" is, effectively, a weighted average of the change in area shelter rents and area gross rents (as defined above). Suppose some proportion "A" of tenants in the CPI area pay gross rents, then BLS's "Rent of primary residence" change statistic, "I" can be expressed as:

where R is the change in shelter rent.

Similarly, the Change in Gross Rents is, effectively, a weighted average of the change in area shelter rents, "R" and the change in utility costs, "U." If "C" is the proportion of gross rent attributable to utilities, then (1-C) is the proportion of gross rent attributable to shelter rent (excluding utilities). Change in gross rents can therefore be expressed as follows:

Substituting this equation into the equation for I above yields:

BLS supplies HUD with a special tabulation of the Consumer Expenditure Survey (conducted in each CPI survey area) showing the proportion of rental units in each CPI survey area where tenants pay for heat as part of their rent. This is used as a proxy for the proportion of tenants paying gross rent -- "A" above.

"C", the proportion of the gross rent attributable to utilities, is calculated using a special tabulation of utility expenses for all housing units in each FMR area where residents pay for electricity and heating from the 2005 American Community Survey (ACS) provided by the Bureau of the Census

The following tables and equations demonstrate how the 2005 and 2006 Annual Shelter Rent Change is computed for using the most recent CPI data.

2005 CPI Update Factor Data for
I2005 = CPI Annual Rent of Primary Residence Change, 2004 to 2005	A2005 = CEX Percent of Renters with Heat Included in Rent in 2005	U2005 = CPI Annual Utility Change, 2004 to 2005	C2005 = Utility Cost as a Percent of Gross Rent	R2005 = Shelter Rent Change Factor
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The 2005 Annual Shelter Rent Change for the is computed as follows:

The 2006 Annual Shelter Rent Change for the is computed as follows:

Computing the CPI Update Factor

The following tables and calculations present how the Shelter Rent Change computed above, and the CPI utility cost data are used by HUD to update the FMRs from June, 2005 to December, 2006. The computations used to derive the update factor are demonstrated below the tables.

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Because HUD is updating rents from June, 2005 to December, 2006, one-half of the 2005 change is used and all of the 2006 change is used; therefore, the June, 2005 to December 2006 update factor is calculated as follows:

NOTE: Intermediate figures may not sum due to rounding. Also, CPI-Based Gross Rent Update Factor" presented here may not precisely match the "6/2005 to 2006 Update Factor" on the Final FY 2008 FMR summary page due to rounding of FMRs to whole dollar amounts.

Problems or questions? Contact Peter.B.Kahn@hud.gov.