Unknown

by Unknown

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research

Visit PD&R’s website www.hud.gov/policy or www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored
by HUD’s Onullce onullPolicy Developnullnt and Research nullD&Rnull Other services onullHUD UnullRnullPD&R’s
Research and nullnullrnulltion nullrvicenullinclude listservsnullspecial interest and binullnthly publications nullest
practicesnullsignificant studies nullonullother sourcesnull access to public use databasesnulland a hotline
nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull nullr help with accessing the innullrnulltion you need.

Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
Prepared by:
Planmatics, Inc.
Lalith de Silva
nullesh nullnullnullrdena
Abt Associates Inc.
nullchelle nullod
nulllbul nullul
February 2011

i
nulle Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Prospective Study has benefited from the input and support of a
large number of people. nulle authors gratefully acnullonulledge all those people nullo contributed to the results and assisted
in completing this nullrnull the staff of the public housing authorities nullHnullnullnullo graciously participated in the study
data collection during the nullyear period of the studynullthe tnull nullntracting Officer nullchnical Representativesnullnullnnifer
Stoloff and nullhanull Robinson nullhnsnullnullo directed the study and provided guidancenullLydia nullghavinullfor providing Public
Housing nullformation nullnter system datanulland other U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmentnull Office of
Policy Development and Research staff members for providing technical oversight for the study.
nullis report nulls a collaborative effort by the staff of Planmaticsnullnullc.nulland a subcontracting partnernullnullt nullsociates nullc.
Several staff members at Planmatics and nullt nullsociates played important roles in this pronullct. null PlanmaticsnullPahl
nullnn and Richard nullsin conducted indepth intervienull nullth nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullcoordinators. nulltia Dahernull
nullenburg conducted telephone intervienull nullth the sample of nullS families and casenullrnullrs in the tracnullng sites. null nullt
nullsociatesnullnullll nulladduri provided technical guidance and oversight throughout all phases of the pronullct. nullP. Srinath
developed the sampling approach to select the nationally representative sample of nullS programs. Daniel nullbitsnullnulln
Lamnulland nullistofer Price provided technical guidance for the regression analysis to enullmine participant and program
characteristics associated nullth successful completion of nullS.
nulle study benefited from the participation of nullS coordinators in the nullnullPHnull. nulleir collaboration made the results
rich. nulle authors also acnullonulledge the efforts of nullS coordinators at the follonullng four sites nullo provided invaluable
information and assistancenullboth during visits to their locations and throughout the duration of the study: nullncy Scull
and staff of the Housing Opportunities nullmmission in nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnulllly Dianulland staff of the
Orange nullunty nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullnullenulls nulllla and staff of the Riverside nullunty nullalifornianullHousing
nullthoritynulland Rebecca Stancil and staff of the nullssoula nullontananullHousing nullthority.
nulle authors also thannullnullS coordinators and case managers assigned to the sample nullS families at thenull tracnullng sites
for their continuous support over a span of nullyearsnullthey helped achieve high response rates in the data collection tasnull.
nulley have been enullremely cooperative and patient in providing annual updates of pertinent information on the families
and sharing their insights on the progress made by the families tonullrd achieving selfnullufficiency during the successive
rounds of telephone intervienull during the course of the evaluation: nullty of nullesno nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynull
nullunty of nullntra nullsta nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullRiverside nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullOrange nullunty
nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullDenver nulloloradonullHousing nullthoritynullnullcnullonville nullloridanullHousing nullthoritynull
Rocnullord nullllinoisnullHousing nullthoritynullnullchita nullansasnullHousing nullthoritynullHousing Opportunities nullmmission of
nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnulland Rapids nullichigannullHousing nullmmissionnullnullssoula nullontananullHousing nullthor null
itynullnullnullnullrnullnullty nullenullnullrnull Housing nullthoritynullnullncinnati nullhionullnulltropolitan Housing nullthoritynulland the nullron
nullhionullnulltropolitan Housing nullthority.

ii
nulle nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullprogram nulls established by Section nullnullof the nullanstonnullonnulllenullnulltional nullford null
able Housing nullt of nullnull to help residents of public housing and participants in the Housing nulloice nullucher program
become selfnullufficient through educationnulltrainingnullcase managementnulland other supportive services.
nulle Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Prospective Study is the second of three studies on the nullS
program by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development nullUDnull nulle first nullS studynull Evaluation of the
Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Retrospective Analysis, 1996 to 2000 nulls completed in nullnull. nulle nullnull study found
that most nullS participants did better financially than nonnullSS participants.
nulle current studynull Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Prospective Study nulls conducted from nullnull
through nullnull. nullis study enullmined programmatic features and family characteristics that appear to innullence the success
of families participating in the nullS program. null also includes a description of nullS operationsnullpoliciesnulland approaches
in a representative sample of nullnullpublic housing authorities nullHnullnull
nullis study finds that the financial benefits are substantial for participants nullo remain in and graduate from the nullS pronull
gram. nulle study also highlights certain personal and program characteristics that tend to manull families more successful
in nullS. nullor enullmplenullthose nullth higher levels of education at enrollment did better.nullnullese findings suggest approaches
that program administrators can tanull to target nullS services more effectively.
nulle Office of Policy Development and Research nullDnullnullnullll launch tnull additional nullSnullelated efforts in fiscal year
nullnull. nulle first effort nullll enullmine nullether study participants nullo nullre still enrolled nullen the prospective study ended
nullnt on to graduate from the nullS program and nullether they met their goals for financial selfnullufficiency. nulle second
effort nullll launch the third installment of the evaluations of nullS evaluationnull The Family Self-Sufficiency Program
Demonstration. nullis random assignment demonstration is designed to evaluate nullether the benefits that nullS program
participants ennully nullnullmples include income gainnullsavingsnulleducational attainmentnulland economic improvementnullcannull
nullth certaintynullbe attributed to the effectiveness of the nullS program.
nullese findings nullll be of great interest to both policymanullrs and program advocates and it is a privilege to present them
to the public.
Raphael null nullstic
nullsistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research

iii
Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................................................vii
Study Overvienull ....................................................................................................................................................vii
nullS Program ..............................................................................................................................................................viii
nullS Services and nullse nullnagement ...................................................................................................................viii
nullharacteristics of the nullracnulling Study Participants................................................................................................inull
nullS Outcomes ..............................................................................................................................................................inull
nulladuates and Other nulliters ..................................................................................................................................inull
Participants Still nullnrolled in nullSS at the nullnd of the Study Period .......................................................................... null
Summary of nullndings ............................................................................................................................................. null
Chapter 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... null
nullnull nullcnullround and nullntenull of the nullS Program ........................................................................................................ null
nullnull Purpose of the Study and the nullnal Report ............................................................................................................. null
Sampling Plan ......................................................................................................................................................... null
Data Sources and nullmeframe ................................................................................................................................. null
nullnull Organinulltion and nullntents of nullis Report ............................................................................................................. null
Chapter 2. FSS Programs .................................................................................................................................................. null
nullnull Profile of nullS Programs ......................................................................................................................................... null
Program nulle and Sinull ............................................................................................................................................ null
Program nullals ........................................................................................................................................................ null
Services Provided by nullS ....................................................................................................................................... null
nullS nullordinator ..................................................................................................................................................... null
nullse nullnagement in the nullacnullng Sites ................................................................................................................ null
Local nullonomic nullnditions and nullanges Over nullme ........................................................................................... null
nullallenges to nullS ................................................................................................................................................. null
nullnull nullS Participants ................................................................................................................................................... null
Chapter 3. Tracking Study Programs and Participants ............................................................................................... null
nullS Programs in the nullacnullng Study .................................................................................................................... null
nullharacteristics of the nullracnulling nullroup at nullnrollment ........................................................................................... null
nullomparing the nullracnulling nullroup nullith the Sample of nullSS nullnrollees .................................................................... null
nullaracteristics of the nullacnullng nulloup .................................................................................................................. null
Chapter 4. FSS Tracking Group Program Experience ................................................................................................ null
nullnull nullnal Outcomes Observed for the nullacnullng nulloup Participants .......................................................................... null
nullmulative Probability Plot ................................................................................................................................. null
Reasons for Leaving the nullS Program ................................................................................................................. null

iv
nullnull nullmparing nullS nulladuatesnullOther nullitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Participants ......................................................... null
nullployment .......................................................................................................................................................... null
Household nullcome ................................................................................................................................................ null
nullS Program nullalsnullnullterim nulllestonesnulland nullse nullnager nullsessments .......................................................... null
Services nulleded and Received ............................................................................................................................. null
nullscronull nullccount ................................................................................................................................................... null
nullterim nullthdranullls ............................................................................................................................................. null
nullscronull nullccount nullompared nullith Other Savings Programs ................................................................................. null
Prospects for nullmpleting nullS nullong the Stillnullnrolled Participants ................................................................ null
Chapter 5. FSS Program Models and Program Success .............................................................................................. null
nullnull Hypothesinulld nullfects ............................................................................................................................................ null
nullnull nullethodology of nullompeting Risnull Hanullard nullnalysis and nullodel Results .............................................................. null
nullnull Discussion of nullndings ......................................................................................................................................... null
Summary of nullndings ........................................................................................................................................... null
Chapter 6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... null
nullcronull .................................................................................................................................................................. null
nullS Outcomes ...................................................................................................................................................... null
Reasons for Leaving nullS ..................................................................................................................................... null
nullse nullnagement ................................................................................................................................................ null
Appendix A. Timeline of Evaluation Activities Completed ......................................................................................... null
Appendix B. Data Sources ............................................................................................................................................... null
Appendix C. Sampled PHAs and Replacement Sites, Year 1 ...................................................................................... null
Appendix D. FSS Program Tenure and Services Offered, Tracking Sites ................................................................. null
Appendix E. FSS Participant Count by Site and Data Source, 2005–09 (181 Participants) ..................................... null
Appendix F. FSS Tracking Group Data ......................................................................................................................... null
Appendix G. Tabulations of PIC Data for FSS Participants in the Sample PHAs and the Original
Tracking Sites ............................................................................................................................................ null

v
nullble null PHnull Selected as nullacnullng Sites in nullnull ........................................................................................................... null
nullble null Sources of Data for the nullnal Report ................................................................................................................... null
nullble null nullse nullnager nullnurenullPrevious nullrnullnullperiencenulland nullS nullseload Sinull ...................................................... null
nullble null nullS Participants by Report nullpenullepresentative Sample .............................................................................. null
nullble null Demographic nullaracteristics of nullS Participants nullmpared nullth nullnnullSSnullnullnelderlynullnullndisabled
nullucher Participants .......................................................................................................................................... null
nullble null nullS Participant nullcome ..................................................................................................................................... null
nullble null PHnull and nullS Participants in the Study ........................................................................................................... null
nullble null Sinulle of the nullSS Program: nullracnulling Sites nullompared nullith Representative Sample of nullSS Programs .............. null
nullble null nullSS Program Staffing and nullase nullanagement: nullracnulling Sites nullompared nullith Other nullSS Programs ............. null
nullble null. nullmparing nullS Participants in null nullacnullng Sites and the null nullS Programs nullth the nullacnullng nulloup
Participants......................................................................................................................................................... null
nullble null. Reported nullcome Sources for nullacnullng nulloup Participants in the nullar of nullrollment ..................................... null
nullble null. nullracnulling nullroup Participants: nullmployment Status in the nullear of nullnrollment in nullSS ...................................... null
nullble null. nullnullSP nulloals at the nullime of nullSS nullnrollment for the nullracnulling nullroup ................................................................ null
nullble null. Service nulleeds Reported by nullracnulling nullroup Participants in the nullear of nullnrollment in nullSS ........................... null
nullble null. nullase nullanager Perceptions of Prospects for Participant Success in the nullear of nullnrollment in nullSS ................ null
nullble null. nullse nullnager Perceptions of nullrriers to nullntract nullmpletion in the nullar of nullrollment in the nullS
nullacnullng nulloup .................................................................................................................................................. null
nullble null. nullSS Program Status of Study Participants by nullear of nullnrollment ................................................................... null
nullble null. Reasons for Leaving the nullS Program and nullcronullnulllances for Program nulliters .......................................... null
nullble null. nullomparing Stillnullnullnrolled nullSS Participants nullith nullnulliters and nullraduates ......................................................... null
nullble null. nullployment Status of nullS nulladuatesnullOther nullitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Participants ...................................... null
nullble null. nullployment Status of Stillnullnrolled nullS Participants ..................................................................................... null
nullble null. nullerage nullenully Hours nullrnulld and nullerage Hourly nullge for nullstly nullployed nulloup ............................. null
nullble null. nullerage nullenully Hours nullrnulld and nullerage Hourly nullge for nullstly nullployed nulloup
nullnullof the null Stillnullnrolled Participantsnull .......................................................................................................... null
nullble null. Proportion of nullostly nullmployed nullnullnull of the nullnull Stillnullnullnrolled Participantsnull nullroup Reporting nullringe nullenefits... null
nullble null. Proportion of nullstly nullployed nulloup Reporting nullinge nullnefits .................................................................. null
nullable null. nullverage nullnual Household nullcome for nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the Stillnullnrolled Participants at Program
nullrollment and nulld of the nullracnullng Period ...................................................................................................... null
nullable null. Selected Sources of nullcome for Stillnullnrolled nullS Participants ...................................................................... null

vi
nullable null. Selected Sources of nullcome for nullS nulladuates and nulliters ............................................................................. null
nullable null. nulldividual nullals nulltablished in the nullirst nullear of the nullS Program ................................................................... null
nullable null. nulllestones nulltained in nullnull or the Last nullear of nullS Program Participation .................................................... null
nullable null. nullse nullnager nullsessment of Potential for nullS Program nullmpletion ............................................................. null
nullable null. Service nulleds nullentified at nullime of nullS Program nulltry .................................................................................. null
nullable null. Service nulleds and Service Receipt at nullime of nullS Program nulltry and in nullnull for nulltive Participants ........ null
nullable null. Service nulleds and Service Receipt at nullime of nullS Program nulltry and in nullnull for nulladuates ...................... null
nullable null. Service nulleds and Service Receipt at nullime of nullS Program nulltry and in nullnull for nulliters ........................... null
nullable null. nullcronullnulllance for nullS nullracnullng Study Participants ....................................................................................... null
nullable null. nullcronullnullcount nulllance at the nulld of the nullracnullng Period for the null Stillnullnrolled nullS Participants .......... null
nullable null. nullanges in nullcronullnullcount nulllances for nullS Participants nullith Positive nullcronull as of September nullnull
nulln nullnull Dollarsnull ............................................................................................................................................... null
nullable null. nullding nullcronullnulllancenullby nullployment Status and nullcome at Program Start for nulltive nullS Participants
nullith nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater nullan nullnullnull ........................................................................................ null
nullable null. nullding nullcronullnulllancenullby nullployment Status and nullcome at nullS Program Start for nulladuates nullith
nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater nullan nullnullnull ................................................................................................. null
nullable null. nullding nullcronullnulllancenullby nullployment Status and nullcome at nullS Program Start for Other nulliters nullith
nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater nullan nullnullnull ................................................................................................. null
nullable null. nullnual Household nullcome for nullployment and nullcronullnulloups for nulltive nullS Participants
nulln nullnull Dollarsnull ............................................................................................................................................... null
nullable null. nullployment nullperiences and nullding nullcronullStatus ....................................................................................... null
nullable null. nullverage nullnual Household nullcome by nullployment and nullcronullnulloups nulln nullnull Dollarsnull ........................... null
nullable null. Hypothesinulled nullffects of nullSS Participant and Program nullharacteristics on nullraduation vs. Unsuccessful nullnullit ..... null
nullable null. Descriptive Statistics for the nulldependent nullariables for the nullS Program nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the
Stillnullnrolled Participants ................................................................................................................................. null
nullable null. Subhanullrd Ratios of the nullefficient nulltimates in the nullmpeting Risnullnulldels ............................................... null

vii
Abstract of Findings
nulle Evaluation of FSS Program: Prospective Study enullmined nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullprogram
characteristics in a representative sample of nullnullhousing agencies. nulle study also follonulld a group of
nullnullnullS participants in null programsnullobserving their nullS enulleriences and outcomes. nullter nullyears in
the nullS programnullnull percent of the study participants completed program renullirements and graduated
from nullS. nullen the study endednullnull percent had left the program nullthout graduating and null percent
nullre still enrolled in nullS. Program graduates nullre more linullly to be employed than other enullters or the
stillnullnrolled participants. Program graduates also had higher incomesnullboth nullen they enrolled in nullS
and nullen they completed the programnullthan participants nullth other outcomes. Staying employed and
increasing their earned incomes helped graduates to accumulate substantial savings in the nullS escronull
account. nulle average escronullaccount balance nulls nullnullnull for program graduatesnullrepresenting about null
percent of their average household income at the time of program enrollment.
nulle nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullprogram nulls established by Section nullnullof the nullanstonnullonnulllenullnulltional nullford null
able Housing nullt of nullnull to help residents of public housing and participants in the Housing nulloice nullucher nullnullnull
program become selfnullufficient through educationnulltrainingnullcase managementnulland other supportive services. nullS
programs are administered by public housing authorities nullHnullnullin conformance nullth U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development nullUDnullregulations nullnullnullnullnull. nullmilies that volunteer to participate in nullS sign a nullyear contract
of participation nullOPnullnullth the PHnullthat specifies the steps both the family and the PHnullnullll tanull to move the family
tonullrd economic independence.
nulle nullS program has three primary componentsnullhe escronullaccountnullcase managementnulland referrals to supportive
servicesnullthat nullrnulltogether to help families build assets and manull progress tonullrd selfnullufficiency. nullrough the
use of nullS escronullaccountsnullthe program offers families the opportunity to save money and an incentive to increase
nullrnulleffort and earnings. nulle escronullbalance is established nullen a participantnull earned income increasesnullresulting in
increases in the tenantnull monthly contribution to rent. null escronullcreditnullcalculated by the PHnullbased on increases in
earned incomenullis deposited each month into interestnullearing accounts managed by the PHnull nullmilies that successfully
complete the nullS program receive their accrued nullS escronullfunds plus interest. null formal restrictions enullst on the use
of the escronulld fundsnullbut many families use the funds to help nullth the purchase of a homenulldebt reductionnullor postsec null
ondary education or to start a nenullbusiness.
nullis report presents the final analysis of a prospective study of the nullS program for families that use Hnulls. nulle
study enullmined programmatic features and family characteristics that appear to innullence the success of families in
completing nullS program renullirements. nulle analysis is based on a sample of nullnullnullS participants in null programs nullo
nullre tracnulld for nullyears after they enrolled in the program. nulle analysis also includes a description of nullS operationsnull
policiesnulland approaches in a representative sample of nullnullPHnull.
Study Overview
nulle evaluation focuses on the follonullng research nullestions: nullnullnullat is the nature of nullS programs that PHnull operatenull
nullnullnullat are the outcomes enullerienced by a group of participants from program enrollment until nullyears laternullnullnullnullat
program features are associated nullth successful outcomes for program participantsnull
null nullnullnullHUD contracted nullth Planmaticsnullnullc.nulland nullt nullsociates nullc. to design and implement the study. nulle team
selected a representative sample of nullnullPHnull in the first year and collected information from nullS coordinators in nullnull.
nulltracnullng study nulls conducted in a subsample of null sitesnulleach selected on the basis of having betnullen null and null

viii
families nenully enrolled in nullS during the third and fourth nullarters of nullnull. nulltogethernullnullnullnullS participants from the
null sites nullre included in the tracnullng study. nullese families are referred to throughout the report as the nullracnullng groupnull
or as nullracnullng study participants.nullnullery yearnullcase managers assigned to each family in the tracnullng group provided
information about the familynull employment statusnullhousehold incomenullprogress in achieving nullS goalsnullescronullaccountnull
and services received through nullS. nulle case managers provided this information from nullitten participant checnullists and
from telephone intervienull nullth the research team. nullministrative data from HUDnull Public and nulldian Housing nullforma null
tion nullnter system nullnullnullnullre also collected annually for the tracnullng group to provide additional information about
participant characteristics and changes over time. nulle evaluation also included site visits to four nullS programs and
telephone intervienull nullth a small number of nullS participants to learn more about their enulleriences nullth the program.
FSS Program
nullre than null percent of the sampled programs had operated at least null years as of nullnullnulland only four had operated for
fenullr than nullyears. null of nullnullnullnullnullnull Hnull participants nullre enrolled in nullS programs. nulle average nullS participant
nulls null years oldnullnullth an annual income of nullnullnullnull
null the time of the nullnull intervienull nullth nullS coordinatorsnullnearly onenullalf of the coordinators enullected their programs
to gronullduring the coming year. Onenullalf of the coordinators said their programs nullre already operating at full capacity
and unable to tanull on more participants. nulle programs in the null tracnullng sites remained stable during the study periodnull
although one program closed.
FSS Services and Case Management
nullS programs provide access to a range of supportive servicesnullprimarily through referrals to local service providers.
nullse management is an integral component of the nullS program. null most programsnullnullS case managers are PHnullstaff.
nulley conduct needs assessmentsnulldevelop the nulldividual nullaining and Services Plannulland refer participants to other
providers to receive educationnullemployment assistancenullcounselingnullchildcarenulland other supportive services. null many
nullS programsnullPHnullstaffs also provide homeonullership counseling and financial literacy training. null most programsnull
PHnullstaffs provide training and information about the escronullaccount.
nully designnull the nullnull programs in the tracnulling study nullere larger than the average nullSS program. nullhe tracnulling study programs
had a median of nullnullnullS participants compared nullth a median of nullnullparticipants in the larger sample of nullS programs.
nulle selection nulls intentionally focused on nullS programs that nullre nulllling to participate in the study and that had up to
null recent nullS enrollees in the first nullmonths of the tracnullng study. nullcause the programs are largernullthe tracnullng sites
also had more staff in nullnullnullthree fullnullime employees nullnullsnullcompared nullth tnull nullnullnulland had larger average nullS
caseloads per case managernullnullnullnullnull cases per manager compared nullith nullnull. null slightly higher proportion of the tracnulling sites
compared nullth the full sample of nullnullPHnull received nullS coordinator funding through the annual competitive anullrd
process
null
in nullnullnullnull. nulllthough the tracnulling sites have larger nullSS programsnull a nulley feature of case managementnullfrenulluency of
meetings nullth participantsnullas similar to other nullS programs at the time of the nullnull intervienull. nullre than null percent
of programs overall and in the tracnullng group said that case managers meet nullth nullS participants at least nullarterly.
null factnullin more than null percent of the tracnullng sites and in more than onenullalf of the representative sample of nullS
programsnullcase managers met nullth nullS participants monthly or more frenullently nullnullpercent in the tracnullng sites and
null percent in the sample programsnull nullusnulldespite the larger sinull of nullS programs in the tracnullng sitesnullit appears the
intensity of the case management provided is similar to the representative sample of nullS programs.
null nullnullnullat the beginning of the tracnullng periodnullnull case managers nullre associated nullth the nullnullfamilies in the tracnullng
study. During the nenull nullyearsnullnullnullfamilies remained nullth the same case managernulland null changed case managers.
null
HUD does not provide funding for the nullS programnullhonullvernullfor the Hnull programnulllimited funding is available to support nullS coordinators
through an annual competitive nulltice of nullnds nullailability nullOnullnullprocess.

ix
nulltogethernullnull case managers nullo nullrnulld nullth the families nullre intervienulld in the study. nulle case managers in the
study had nullrnulld in the nullS program an average of nullyears and had even longer tenure nullth the housing agency. Some
case managers had nullrnulld for the housing agency for more than null years. nullst case managers had prior enullerience in
case management or social nullrnull but some had other types of enulleriencenullsuch as property management.
Characteristics of the Tracking Study Participants
nullar the time of enrollment in nullSnullthe average tracnullng group participant nulls null years oldnullfemalenullnullth an annual
income of nullnullnullnull nullst tracnullng group participants nullnullpercentnullnullre nullrnullng nullen they nullined the nullS programnulland
soon after nullS enrollmentnullthe case managers pronullcted that most tracnullng group participants nulluld eventually complete
the nullS program.
nulln the year the tracnulling group nulloined nullSSnull the median annual household income nullas nullnullnullnullnullnullnull compared nullith nullnullnullnullnullnullnull for nullSS
participants in the full sample of nullnullPHnull. null additionnulla larger share of the tracnullng group nulls employed nullnullpercentnull
compared nullth enrollees in the full sample of nullS programs nullnullpercentnull nullmpared nullth nullS enrollees in the full
sample groupnulla smaller proportion of tracnullng study participants completed less than a high school educationnulland a
larger proportion completed some college or had graduated from college. nullmparing the characteristics of the tracnullng
study participants nullth the entire sample of nullS participants shonull thatnullat the time of enrollment in nullSnullthe average
tracnullng group participant nulls slightly more advantaged than the typical nullS participant.
FSS Outcomes
Graduates and Other Exiters
null the end of the study periodnullappronullmately nullyears after enrolling in nullSnull
ƒ null nullnullpercent of the tracnullng groupnullnullS participants had graduated from the program and received their escronull
ƒ null nullnullpercentnullparticipants left the program before graduatingnullforfeiting their escronull
ƒ null participants nullnullpercentnullnullre still enrolled in the nullS program.
Of the participantsnullnull nullre dropped from the tracnullng group in nullnull because the nullS program at the nullnullnullrnullnullty
Housing nullthority nulls discontinued. Staying employed and increasing incomes helped graduates accumulate escronull
balances in enulless of nullnullnull by the time they graduated. nulle average escronullbalance at the time of graduation nulls
about nullnullnull. nullis amount is more than tnullce the average escronullaccount balance for enullters at the time they left the
program nullnullnullnull.
Of participants in the studynullnull percent left nullS before completing the nullP. nulley are referred to as nullnulltersnullor nullther
enulltersnullthroughout the report. nullout onenullalf nullnullparticipantsnullof the participants nullo left nullre dropped from the
program because they did not comply nullth nullS rules or lost their voucher assistancenullmostly for reasons such as violat null
ing Hnull rules or failing to communicate nullth their nullS case manager. nullong those nullo voluntarily left the programnull
about onenullhird nullnullparticipantsnullchose to leave because family and nullrnullobligations made it difficult to sustain contact
nullth the case manager. Other participants left nullS nullen they movednullone participant left the voucher program because
her income increased nullen she marriednulland three other participants left the voucher program voluntarily for unspecified
reasons.
nulle average annual income for nullS graduates increased from nullnullnullnullin the first tracnullng year to nullnullnullnullin the gradu null
ation year. nulle average annual income for nullS enullters also increased but by a much smaller marginnullfrom about nullnullnullnull
in the first tracnullng year to nullnullnullnullin the year they left the program. nullst program graduates nullre employed at nullS
program entry and remained employed for most of the time they spent in the program. Of the graduatesnullnull percent nullre
mostly employed during the tracnullng period compared nullth null percent of the other enullters.

x
Honulldo graduates compare nullth other enulltersnullnullhigher proportion of nullS graduates nullre employed at the beginning
of the tracnullng period than nullre enulltersnulland graduates started out in nullS nullth higher incomes on average than did other
enullters. nullthough their household sinulls and number of dependents nullre similarnullenullters had completed fenullr years of
education than had graduates. nulladuates also spent slightly more time in nullSnullabout four months longernullthan had other
enullters.
nulln enullploratory competing risnull multivariate regression analysis of characteristics associated nullith nullSS graduation shonulled
thatnullholding other participant characteristics constantnullparticipants nullth a high school diploma around the time of
program enrollment are about tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diploma or enullivalent.
nullis statistically significant result does not holdnullhonullvernullnullen program characteristics are also tanulln into account.
Participants Still Enrolled in FSS at the End of the Study Period
nullarly null percent of the tracnullng study participants nullre still enrolled in nullS nullen the study ended. nullS participants
are allonulld up to nullyears to complete the nullPnulland this study did not cover the entire nullyear period. nullalysis of
participantsnullcharacteristics at the time of program entry and consenullent enulleriences in the nullS program shonullthat the
stillnullnrolled participantsnull
ƒ Had larger households than either nullS graduates or enullters.
ƒ Resembled program graduates for educational attainment.
ƒ Had annual household incomes that nullre higher than enullters but lonullr than nullS graduatesnullboth at program entry and
at the end of the study period.
ƒ Sanulltheir annual household incomes increase during the tracnullng period by null percent.
ƒ nullre either mostly employed nullnullof the nullnullthroughout the tracnullng period or mostly unemployed nullnullof the nullnull
null additionnullmost nullnullpercentnullof the stillnullnrolled participants had positive escronullaccount balances at the end of the
studynullaveraging nullnullnull. nullsed on case managers assessments and the participantsnullemployment enullerience during the
tracnullng periodnullescronullaccount balancesnulland predictors of graduationnullthe study concludes that more than onenullalf nullnull
of the nullnullof the participants still enrolled in nullS are on a path tonullrd successful completion of the nullS program.
null sumnullthis study suggests that the potential benefits to remaining in and graduating from the nullS programnullfor escronull
savingsnullare substantial. Understanding the personal and program characteristics that allonullfamilies to be successful
in nullSnullhat isnullto remain in the program and accrue savingsnullay suggest approaches that program administrators
can tanull to target nullS services more effectively in the future and nullrnullthrough case managers and service providers to
address the barriers that can nullopardinull a participantnull success.
Summary of Findings
ƒ null the end of almost nullyears of participation in the nullS programnull
null nullarly onenullourth of the participants had graduated from the program.
null nullre than onenullhird left the program nullthout completing their nullS contract.
ƒ Household sinull and number of dependents for graduates and other enullters nullre not very different. Stillnullnrolled
participants had larger households and more dependents nulleasured around the time of enrollment in nullSnullthan either
nullS graduates or other enullters.
ƒ nullraduates had more years of schooling than enulliters nullmeasured around the time of enrollmentnull. Stillnullenrolled participants
resemble graduates for educational attainment.

xi
ƒ nulladuates also had higher incomes than other enullters and stillnullnrolled participants nullt the time of enrollmentnull and a
greater proportion nullre employed nulloth at the time of enrollment and throughout the tracnullng periodnull Stillnullnrolled
participants sanulltheir annual household incomes increase during the tracnullng period by null percent. Stillnullnrolled
participants nullre either mostly employed nullnullof the nullnullthroughout the tracnullng period or mostly unemployed nullnullof
the nullnull
ƒ nulladuates spentnullon averagenullfour months longer in the program than other enullters nullo nullre linullly to drop out of the
program after nullyears or less.
ƒ nulle average escronullbalance at the time of graduation nulls about nullnullnullnullnullich is more than tnullce the balance for
enullters nullnullnullnull. Of the stillnullnrolled participantsnullnull percent had positive escronullaccount balancesnullaveraging nullnullnull.
ƒ null the fourth year of program participation in nullnullnullmore than null percent of the stillnullnrolled participants enullressed
a service need in most service categories nullre receiving the renullested services. nullmpared nullth service receipt at
program startnullhigher shares of graduates and enullters nullre receiving needed services in their final year of program
participation.
ƒ nullsed on case managers assessmentsnullemployment enullerience during the tracnullng periodnullescronullaccount balancesnull
and factors associated nullth graduationnullthe study concludes that more than onenullalf nullnullof the nullnullof participants still
enrolled in nullS are on a path tonullrd successful completion of the nullS program.

1
null September nullnullnullHUD PDnull commissioned a nullyear prospective study of the nullS programnullfocusing on nullS
programs serving Hnull recipients. nullis report provides a final assessment of the enulleriences of a representative sample
of nullS participants that enrolled in nullnull and nullnull. nulle tracnullng period covered betnullen nullnullto nullyears and about null
percent of the original participants nullre still enrolled at the end of the period. nulle study enulllores nullS program opera null
tionsnullprovided servicesnulland participant outcomes. nulle study also enullmines the relationship betnullen participantsnull
characteristicsnullnullS programmatic featuresnulland nullS program outcomes.
nullapter nullprovides an overvienullof the nullS programnullthe purpose of the evaluation studynullthe research methods usednull
and a description of the evaluation activities that nullS programs completed in the past nullyears.
nullnullnullckground and Context of the FSS Program
nulle nullS program is a federal assetnulluilding program designed to encourage employment. nullS nulls established by
Section nullnullof the nullanstonnullonnulllenullnulltional nullfordable Housing nullt of nullnull to help lonullr income families in public
housing and the Hnull program to become selfnullufficient through referrals to educationnulltrainingnullcase managementnulland
other supportive services. null additionnullthe lanullnulls enacted to reduce dependency of lonullincome families on nulllfare as null
sistance and housing subsidies.
null
nullS programs are administered locally by PHnull that typically nullrnullin partnership nullth
local community service providers to develop comprehensive programs that provide families nullth supportive servicesnull
counselingnulleducationnulland nullb training. nulle purpose of the partnership is to give families the snulllls and enullerience they
need to obtain employment that pays a living nullge.
nullch PHnullthat received nenullfunding for Hnulls from nullnull through nullnull nulls renullired to operate an nullS program. nulle
number of nenullvouchers receivednullunless HUD approved the PHnullto operate a smaller nullS programnulldetermined the
minimum sinull for these mandatory programs. nullter the enactment of the nullality Housing and nullrnullResponsibility nullt
nullHnullnull of nullnullnullPHnull no longer had a nullS obligation nullth nenullvoucher funding. nullnullnullstipulated of a PHnull
nullS programnull minimum sinull could decrease as program families graduated. nullose PHnull that nullre not renullired to
operate a nullS program could operate a voluntary nullS program or a nullS program that enulleeded the renullired sinullnullnullth
HUD approval. nullthough HUD does not fund nullS services it does appropriate funds to help PHnull cover the costs of
nullS coordinators. HUD anullrds these funds annually on a competitive basis.
nullch nullS program is renullired to implement a HUDnullpproved action plan. nullis plan outlines the PHnulls policies and
procedures for operating the nullS programnull anticipates the supportive service needs of families enullected to participatenull
and estimates the number of eligible families enullected to participate in nullS.
null additionnulleach PHnullis renullired to establish a Program nullordinating nullmmittee nullnullnull nullose function is to assist
the PHnullin securing the resources needed to provide supportive services to nullS participants. nullese coordinating
committees typically are composed of local government representativesnullschool district officialsnullsocial service agenciesnull
nulllfare agency representativesnulland representatives of private social service organinulltions. nulle success of the nullS
program depends on the development and retention of viable and enullensive partnerships nullth public and private sectors
because federal funds are enulllusively used to fund nullS coordinators.
Family Selection Procedures— null be eligible for nullSnullprogram applicants must be enrolled in the Housing nulloice
nullucher Program and in compliance nullth program renullirements. Participation in nullS is voluntary and the program is
intended for family heads nullo are nulllling to seenulland maintain employment and are at least null years of age.
null
Public Lanullnullnullnullnull nullvember nullnullnullnull. See introduction to the lanull

2
Outreach Efforts— PHnull use several methods to inform potential participants and to recruit them for the program:
promotional materials are distributed to enullsting residents and applicants nearly completing the leasenullp processnull
dissemination of nullS brochures is made to public and nonprofit partner agenciesnullnotices are placed in nenullletters sent
to Hnull residentsnullpresentations are made at PHnulls group recertification meetingsnulland some PHnullnullbsites include
a linnullto the nullS program. nullrd of mouth referrals from friends and relatives are another important source of nullS
participants.
FSS Activities and Supportive Services— nulle nullS program has three primary componentsnullscronullaccountsnull
case managementnulland referral to supportive servicesnullnullich nullrnulltogether to help families build assets and manull
progress tonullrd selfnullufficiency. nullrough the use of nullS escronullaccountsnullthe program gives families the opportunity
to save moneynullbuild assetsnulland the incentive to increase nullrnulleffort and earnings. nullst families receiving housing
assistance pay null percent of their adnullsted income for rent and utilities. null the incomes of nullS participants risenulltheir
rents increase. nullthough participants have to pay a higher rentnullthe PHnullcalculates an escronullcredit based on earned
income increasesnullnullich is deposited monthly into a PHnullmanaged interestnullearing account. nullmilies that successfully
complete the nullS program receive their accrued nullS escronullfundsnullplus interest. null restrictions enullst on the use of the
escronulld fundsnullbut many families use the funds to help nullth the purchase of a homenullfor debt reductionnullfor postsec null
ondary educationnullor to start a nenullbusiness.
null
Case Management— nullse management is provided to each family enrolled in nullS. nullse managers nullrnullnullth each
family as a unit to ensure access to needed supportive services. nulle types of supportive services vary among programs
and communities. nullS is a source of longnullerm case management for families that may have connections to other social
service providers but lacnullongoing support. nullse managers facilitate referrals to supportive services for nullb searchesnullnullb
trainingnullhigh school or postnullecondary education completionnullfinancial literacy educationnulland for childcare and trans null
portation assistance. nulle case managers help families achieve their goalsnullfacilitate and monitor partner agency involve null
mentnulland tracnullparticipant progress through phone callsnulland in person intervienull that sometimes include home visits.
nulle case manager nullrnull nullth the participant to develop an nulldividual nullaining and Service Plan nullnullPnullthat is included
in the nullyear nullS nullP. nulle plan establishes interim and final goals that meet the obnullctives of the nullS program.
Program Termination— nullcause the nullS program is voluntarynullparticipants may renullest to terminate at any time.
nullrenulluest for voluntary termination is accepted nullithout penalty and does not cause the family to lose its housing as null
sistance. Participants nullo leave the nullS programnullhonullvernullnullthout completing the contract or nullo fail to comply nullth
Housing nulloice nulluchers nullnullnullor nullS program renullirements nullll forfeit their escronullsavings. PHnull have the option
of prohibiting or allonullng participants nullo voluntarily leave the programnullto reenroll. null the PHnullhas a nulliting listnull
former participants are placed at the bottom of the list. nullr PHnull that do allonullreenrollmentnullparticipants must remain
out of the program a minimum of nullmonths and must also demonstrate that they are able to nullrnulltonullrd nullS goals by
enullcuting a nenullnullS nullntract. nulley are not eligible to receive funds accrued in escronullup to the point of their initial
nullthdranulll from nullS. null reenrollmentnullthe family starts a nenullcontract and a nenullescronullaccount.
nullvoluntary termination from nullS may occur if nullnulla family that moves to a nenulllocation and is unable to fulfill its nullS
obligations after the movenullnullnulla family fails to report incomenullhas chronic lease violationsnullor othernullse violates Hnull
program rules and loses the vouchernullnullnullthe family fails to comply nullth any of the terms of the nullPnullincluding the
nullSPnullor nullnulla family does not meet graduation renullirements nullthin nullyears or obtain an approved enullension.
nullnullPurpose of the Study and the Final nullport
nulle purpose of this study nulls to nullnulldescribe the outcomes of the nullS program for a sample of program participants
and nullnullenullmine the factors that appear to innullence a familynull success or failure completing the nullS program renullire null
mentsnullfrom both a programmatic and a family perspective.
null
null some casesnullinterim nullthdranullls of escronullfunds are allonulld for approved uses nullor enullmplenullpurchase or repair of a carnulleducational or
nullrnullrelated enullensesnullthat are consistent nullth achieving interim goals to attain selfnullufficiency.

3
nullis report describes the nature of the nullS programs operated by PHnull and characteristics of nullS participants in
a representative sample of nullnullPHnull. null additionnullit provides the characteristics of families and programs selected
for more intensive tracnullng. nulle tracnullng group included nullnullnullS participants from null programs. nulle families nullre
identified soon after they nullined the nullS program. nullnallynullnullS program outcomes for the nullnullparticipants are presented
and an analysis of the patterns in outcomesnulland an enullloratory analysis of participant and program characteristics that
appear to innullence the outcomes.
nulle evaluation focuses on the follonullng research nullestions: nullnullnullat is the nature of nullS programs being operated
by PHnullnullnullnullnullat are the outcomes enullerienced by a group of recent enrollees during the nullyear period of studynull
nullnullnullat program features appear to be associated nullth successful outcomes for program participantsnullnullnullnullat pro null
gram features can be associated nullth successful outcomes for program participantsnull
Sampling Plan
Sampling Frame
nulle research team selected a representative sample of nullnullPHnull.
null
null these sites nullS coordinators nullre intervienulld and
information about their nullS programs nulls collected. nulle sampling frame nulls established from the universe of PHnull
operating nullS programsnullidentified by using householdnullevel data files from HUDnull Pnull system.
null
nullPHnulloperating a
nullS program nulls defined as the presence of heads of household nullth a positive ansnullr to the nullestion on nullS participa null
tion and nullth program type enullal to vouchernullcertificatenullor moderate rehabilitation nullod rehabnull nullose PHnull that are
from the U.S. territories nullnullnullPHnulls participating in the nullving to nullrnullnullnullnulldemonstration nullnullnulland PHnull that
had fenullr than null nullS participants nullre enullluded.
Sample Selection
nulle goal nulls to select a nationally representative sample of nullnullPHnull operating nullS programs. nulle sampling nulls
based on the probability of a selection proportional to sinull of the Hnull program. nulle sampling selection also toonullinto
consideration the geographic dispersion of the sampling frame and included at least null programs in each of the four
nullnsus regions. null accommodate any programs later found to be ineligible at the time of nullS coordinator intervienull
nullhat either did not operate a nullS program or nullre unable to provide datanull a pool of null replacement PHnull nullre
identified.
null
nulle full sample of PHnull and the null nullS programs in nullich nullS coordinator intervienull nullre completednullare
displayed in nullpendinullnull
Tracking Sites Selection
nullter selecting the national sample of nullS programs and completing telephone intervienull nullth their nullS coordina null
torsnullthe nenull step nulls to select a subsample of null nullS programs for more intensive data collection. Sites nullre
included as part of the “tracnullng group ” if they nullnullhad up to null families that nullre nenully enrolled in the nullS program
betnullen nullly nullnull and nullrch nullnullnullnullnullhad the nullllingness of the PHnullstaff to fully participate in the studynulland
null
null one case nullhe nullty and nullunty of nullesnonullnulllifornianull the PHnull appear in HUD data as tnull separate entities and they receive separate
allocations of vouchers. nulley function as one PHnull honullvernulland operate a combined nullS program and are treated as one program. nullusnullthe nullS
coordinator intervienull provided information about null nullS programs in nullnullPHnull.
null
Data from Pnull nullnull nullre used for this purpose. Data from PHnullprofiles nullvailable at https:nullpic.hud.govnullicnullaprofilesnullaprofilelist.aspnullnullre
used to obtain voucher program sinull for the null PHnull not included in the nullnull Pnull data.
null
null nullrnulld through the list of nullnullsampled sites in a systematic method to ensure that the final set of PHnull intervienulld maintained the properties
of the probability proportional to sinull nullpsnullsample initially selected. null achieve thisnullthe sample of nullnullPHnull nulls divided into tnull replicates
using random enullal probability sampling nullfter first tanullng out the null large PHnull selected nullth certaintynull nulle first replicate contained nullnullPHnullnull
both the null large PHnull selected nullth certainty and null PHnull selected using random enullal probability sampling. nullsecond replicate of null nulls used
to replace any PHnull in the first replicate that nullre found not to operate an nullS program or that nullre unable to provide data for the study. nullen
replacement nulls necessarynullnull chose a PHnullfrom the second replicate that nulls closest in sinull to the PHnullbeing replaced.

4
nullnullfit predetermined local housing and labor marnullt characteristics. nullese families are referred to as “tracnullng study
participants” or the “tracnullng group ” in the remainder of the report.
null nullnullnullthree PHnull that initially agreed to participate in the study declined renullests to return the participant consent
forms nullaytonanullHialeahnulland nullgustanulland nullre removed from the tracnullng group. null nullnullnullthree other PHnull declined
further participation in the studynullciting budget cuts and staffing shortages nullilmingtonnullnullanulls nulllleynulland nullrming null
hamnull null the end of nullnullnullnullof the remaining null PHnull in the subsample closed its nullS programnullthereby ending further
participation nullnullHnull. null September nullnull only null sites remained active. nulle data collected from nullnullnullup to
the time the program closed is includednullhonullvernullin the analyses in this report. nulle list of tracnullng sites is shonull in
nullble null nullble nullin nullapter nullshonull the tracnullng sites and the number of families from each site. nullpendinullnullprovides
additional information about nullS tracnullng site programs.
Pnull Code Pnull nullme Status
Tanulle null PHAs Selected as Tracking Sites in 2006
CA006 City of Fresno Housing Authority Remained in the study
CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority Remained in the study
CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority Remained in the study
CA0null nullange County Housing Authority Remained in the study
Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority Remained in the study
Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority Remained in the study
null022 Rockford Housing Authority Remained in the study
null00null nullchita Housing Authority Remained in the study
null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynullnullryland Remained in the study
null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission Remained in the study
null0null nullssoula Housing Authority Remained in the study
null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority Remained in the study
null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority Remained in the study
null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority Program closed in 200null
Anull01 Housing Authority of nullrmingham nullstrict nullthdrenullfrom the study in 2007
a
null001 nulllmington Housing Authority nullthdrenullfrom the study in 2007
a
Tnull26 nullanulls nullalley Council of nullnullrnments nullthdrenullfrom the study in 2007
a
Fnull07 Housing Authority of nullytona nullach nulld not nullonullde data for the tracking study
Fnull66 Hialeah Housing Authority nulld not nullonullde data for the tracking study
null001 Housing Authority of the City of Augustanullnullorgia nulld not nullonullde data for the tracking study
PHA = public housing authority.
a
The three sites that withdrew from the study in 2007—Birminghamnullnullilmingtonnulland Branulls nullalley—all pronullded participant consent forms. Birmingham and Branulls
nullalley also pronullded the nullcial nullcurity numbers of the consenting participants. Birmingham pronullded checnullist information for participants for 200null
nullta Sources and Timeframe
nulle analysis in this report uses three sources of data collected betnullen nully nullnull and September nullnull for the nullnull
tracnullng study participants. nullble nullshonull the timing of data collection by source and the naming convention used for
each source of data throughout the report.
null
nullpendinullnull shonull the distribution of the nullnulltracnullng group participants by site and data source. Over timenullsome
participants in the tracnullng group either graduated from the program or left nullthout completing their nullS contracts.
nullch yearnulldata from the most recent case manager intervienullnulls collected on the enulleriences and outcomes of par null
ticipants remaining in the nullS program. null nullnullnullnull of the nullnulltracnullng group families nullre still enrolled in nullS and
the remaining null families had either graduated or enullted the program. nulle null participants from nullnullnullnullre dropped
from the tracnullng group nullen the program closed at the end of October nullnull. nulle final round of data collection in nullnull
included only the null participants nullo nullre still enrolled in nullnull.
null
nullpendinullnullprovides a description of the data sources used in the study.

5
null additionnulltelephone intervienull nullth nullS coordinators nullre conducted in nullnull and intervienull nullre completed nullth null
nullS participants in nullrch nullnull. Unfortunatelynullin nullnullnullonly sinullof the participants intervienulld in nullnull nullre located
and reintervienulld. Oftennullcell phone numbers provided at the initial intervienullnullre no longer in service.
nullso includednullnullre four site visits as part of the study: nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullOrange and Riverside nullun null
tiesnullnulllifornianulland nullssoula nulluntynullnullntana. Site selection nulls based on tracnullng group sinull. nullth large and small
nullS programs nullre visited. nullntgomery nullunty and Orange nullunty nullre selected because they each had null tracnullng
group familiesnullhave large nullS programsnulland represent geographically diverse areas on the tnull coasts. nullthough River null
side had only three tracnullng group familiesnullthey nullre selected for a site visit because their nullS program had more than
nullnullfamilies in nullnull. Riverside nulls near the Orange nulluntynullnulllifornia programnullso it nulls possible to conduct visits
to the tnull programs efficiently. nullssoula had nine families in the tracnullng group and nulls selected because they have a
small program nullth nullnullfamilies. nulle purpose of the visits nulls to develop a firstnulland understanding of the challenges
and opportunities facing these programs. nulltimeline of the evaluation activities completed during the evaluation is listed
in nullpendinullnull
nullnullOrganinulltion and Contents of This nullport
nullhe remaining chapters of this report are as follonulls: nullhapter nullnull nullSS Programsnull provides an overvienull of the nullSS program
and study participants for the overall national sample and for the tracnullng group. nullapter null nullracnullng Study Programs
and Participantsnulldescribes the characteristics of the tracnullng group soon after enrolling in nullS. nullapter null nullS nullacnullng
nulloup Program nullperiencenullis an assessment of outcomes for tracnullng group families that enullted the program betnullen
the latter half of nullnull and nullnull and those remaining in nullS nullen the tracnullng period ended. nullapter null nullS Program
nulldels and Program Successnullenulllores participant and program characteristics that appear to innullence nullS program
outcomes. nulle report ends nullth nullapter null nullnclusions.
nullta Source nullme nulled in nullport Timing of nullta Collection
Tanulle null Sources of nullta for the Final Renullrt
FSS coordinator internullenull Same nullne 200null
Participant tracking checklists
nullanull 1
nullanull 2
nullanull null
nullanull null
nullAnull06
nullAnull07
nullAnull0null
nullAnull0null
nully 2006
nullrch 2007
nullrch 200null
nullne 200null
Pnull extracts
200null
2006
2007
200null
200null
Pnull0null
Pnull06
Pnull07
Pnull0null
Pnull0null
nullne 2006
nullne 2007
nullne 200null
nullne 200null
nullne 200null
Case manager interviews
nullanull 1
nullanull 2
nullanull null
nullanull null
Cnull6
Cnull7
Cnullnull
Cnullnull
nulltonullr and nullnullmnullr 2006
Senullemnullr and nulltonullr 2007
Senullemnullr and nulltonullr 200null
Senullemnullr 200null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter.
nulltenullThe Pnull0nullenullract had relatinullly high rates of missing datanullso tabulations using the Pnull0nullenullractnullwith more complete datanullwere used in place of Pnull0null

6
nullis chapternullnullich describes nullS program operations and approachesnullfocuses on four nullestions:
null nullat are the typical characteristics of nullS programsnull
null Honulldo nullS case managers operatenull
null nullat challenges do nullS programs face during the economic donullturnnull
null nullo are nullS participants and honulldo they compare nullth nonnullSS voucher holdersnull
nullnullPronulle of FSS Programs
null learn more about honullvouchernullased nullS programs are structured and operatenullthe research team sponull to nullS
coordinators in a representative national sample of nullnullPHnull during the first year of the studynullnullnull. nulle intervienull
nullre used to gather information about program goalsnullpoliciesnullservice referralsnulloperationsnulland partnerships nullth other
organinulltions.
null
nullcause the representative sample of PHnull selected for these intervienull nulls dranull systematically nulls
described in chapter nullnulland responses nullightednullthe intervienullfindings can be generalinulld to the universe of PHnull oper null
ating vouchernullased nullS programs. null additionnullthe annual discussions nullre used nullth case managers in the null tracnullng
sites and site visits to four nullS programs to gather additional information about program approach and operations.
Program nulle and Sinull
nullS programs are largely nullll established. nullre than null percent of nullS programs have operated for at least null years
as of nullnull and only nullof the null nullS programs in the study sample nullre fenullr than nullyears old. nullS programs had an
average of nullnullparticipants in nullnull. nulle number of nullS participants varied from as fenullas nullin the smallest program to
as many as nullnullnull in the largest. On averagenullnullthin each PHnull nullS programs served about nullpercent of Hnull families.
nullarly onenullalf of nullS coordinators enullected their programs to gronullduring the coming yearnulland onenullalf said their
programs nullre already operating at full capacity and nullre unable to tanull on more participants.
Program Goals
nulll tracnullng group programs had goals to improve the availability and nullality of the education and training needed to
improve the snulllls of family members that needed to find and maintain employment on the path to selfnullufficiency. nulle
area of greatest emphasis varied by PHnulland by a participantnull tenure in the nullS program. nullr enullmplenullin nullnullnullrnull
nullty and DenvernullnullS staff stated their programs primarily provided referrals for nullb placement needs. null contrastnullthe
Orange nullunty nullS program focused on educationnulltrainingnulland developing marnulltable nullb snulllls in the first nullyears of
nullS participationnullnullile an emphasis on nullb placement occurred during the past nullyears of participation.
nulle average enrollees in the nullS program nullre femalenullin their late nullsnullnullth tnull children. nullacnullng group program
staff observed more diversity in the types of families that recently enrolled in nullS and observed some changes in
participantnull goals. nullcording to case managersnullnenullr enrollees tend to include more people nullth disabilities nullo
nullnt to nullrnull those nullo left the nullrnullorce and nullnt to return to nullrnull older participants nullo nullnt to change careersnull
family heads nullth more years of education and higher incomes nullo nullsh to purchase homesnulland single male heads
of households nullth young children. nullse managers noted that a reason some people nullth disabilities and older adults
returning to the nullrnullorce enroll in nullS is because it is one of the fenulllocal programs offering case management. nullr
null
nullpendinullnullcontains a list of the nullnullPHnull selected for the study.

7
other candidatesnullnullS is vienulld as one of the best opportunities to achieve homeonullership.
null
nullS program staff noted
that more intensive case management is renullired to serve the needs of a diverse group of participants. Some of the case
management challenges are nullnullto define interim program goalsnullnullnullfinding more creative approaches to employment
services nullo satisfy the core nullS renullirement of seenullng and maintaining employmentnull and nullnullincreased interagency
coordination of services.
Services Provided null FSS
nulll nullS tracnullng group programs use PHnullstaff to provide case management to nullS participants nullth the enulleption
of nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnullich also uses staff from partner agencies to provide case management. nullS
programs also provide access to a range of supportive servicesnullprimarily through referrals to local service providers.
nulle services provided to nullS families nullither directly by PHnullstaff or indirectly through referrals to partner agenciesnull
nullre fairly consistent at all tracnullng sites. nulll the sites provide budget counseling and financial literacy services to nullS
participantsnullusing PHnull or HUDnullertified agency staff. nullso providing firstnullime homebuyer counseling and assistance
using PHnullstaff nullre five of the programs: nullesnonullnulllifornianullRocnullordnullnulllinoisnullnullchitanullnullnsasnullRiverside nulluntynull
nulllifornianulland nulland Rapidsnullnullchigan. nulltable shonullng each of the tracnullng sitesnullthe amount of nullS program tenurenull
the number of nullS coordinators and case managersnulland the services offered at each sitenullis shonull in nullpendinullD.
nulll nullS tracnullng site coordinators and case managers referred nullS participants to outside organinulltions for assistance
nullth childcarenulleducation servicesnulland employmentnullelated services. nullr employment related services the PHnull have
agreements nullth the local nullrnullorce nullvestment nullardnullunder nullich nullS participants can be referred to the Onenulltop
nullreer nullnters for nullb preparation and nullb search services. Private or nonprofit partner agencies offer nullrnullhops or
support groups that address motivationnullnullb punctualitynullreliabilitynullcoping in the nullrnulllacenullselfnullsteemnullresume devel null
opmentnullintervienulltechninullesnulland dressing for success. Of the tracnullng sitesnullnull nullll enullept nullnullnull nulland Rapidsnull
nullchigannulland Denvernullnullloradonullalso offer referrals for transportation assistance. nulle nullty and nullunty of nullesnonull
nullntgomery nulluntynulland Orange nullunty nullS programs provide bus tonullns and passes and offer discount car loan
programs. nullS program staff in sinullof the tracnullng sites nullresnonullnulllifornianullRocnullordnullnulllinoisnullnullntgomery nulluntynull
nullrylandnullnullncinnatinullOhionullDenvernullnullloradonulland nullssoulanullnullntananullalso offer nullb search assistance nullrnullhops and
resume development assistance to help nullS participant families find volunteer or paid employmentnulldepending on their
current snullll set. nulle nullntgomery nullunty program has nullb developersnullnullile the programs in nullcnullonville and nullnull
nullrnullnullty can no longer afford these positions because of funding cuts. nulle programs in nullesnonullnullchitanullnullssoulanull
nullncinnatinulland Denver offer nullb search assistance and nullrnullhops about developing resumes.
nullacnullng group PHnull nullre asnulld honullthey identify and provide for the broad range of services that nullS participants
renullire. nulle Program nullordinating nullmmittee is the vehicle for bringing together a range of community agencies to
help foster economic selfnullufficiency among the participant families. nulle Rocnullord program has acnullired additional
partners and helped develop services for nullS families that are provided at the PHnullin a nullnenulltopnullsetting. null the time
of the nullnull site visitnullthe nullntana program had a limited number of partners providing education and health related
services. nulleir goal nulls to establish more partnerships nullth education and health providers to serve nullS families.
FSS Coordinator
nullch nullS program has an nullS coordinator assigned to manage the program. null most of the null tracnullng sitesnullnullS
coordinators usually function as the coordinating committeenull staffnullfocused on getting community agenciesnullsupport
to address participantsnullservice needs. nulle nullb entails partnership building and managerial dutiesnullincluding obtaining
additional outside funding to provide case management and supportive services that nullS participants need to succeed.
null
nulldividual Development nullcounts nullDnullnull a program available in many communitiesnullpromote asset building and personal savings. nullnull are
often used to help individuals save to purchase a home. nullnull are personal savings accounts that encourage participants to save for specific types of
asset buildingnullsuch as the purchase of a homenullbusiness onullershipnullor postsecondary education. nullnullprograms provide training and match savings
accumulated by program participants nullen an authorinulld nullthdranulll is made from the account.

8
null
Tanulle null Case nullnager TenurenullPrenullous nullork nullnullriencenulland FSS Caseload Sinull
nullmnullr of FSS case managers in the study null
nullngth of time with FSS program
Anullrage numnullr of years 6null
Range of years 0nullnull6
nullngth of time with the housing agency
Anullrage numnullr of years 6null
Range of years 0nullnull1
nullmnullr of FSS participants in case manager caseload
Anullrage caseload sinull null
Range of caseload sinull 21null7null
Previous case manager work experience %
Case managementnullocial nullrk null
nulloucher nullogram staff nullccunullncynulleliginulllitynull 7
Counselor 11
nullher nullnull clerknullnullonullrty managernullgraduate studentnull null
Former FSS nullrticinullnt 2
nullssing 2
nullnull= nullpartment of nulltor nullehicles. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nulltenullnullse managers who were associated with the tracnullng study participant at any point during the tracnullng period are included in this tabulation.
nullurcenullnullse manager internullews
null nullssoulanullnullncinnatinullRiversidenulland nulland RapidsnullnullS coordinators provided some level of case management in
addition to their other duties. Of the null programsnullnullhad turnover in the nullS coordinator position due to rotation of
staff nullthin the PHnull During the study period Riverside had four nullS coordinatorsnullnullesno and nullchita had threenulland
nullntra nullsta and nullcnullonville had tnull nullS coordinators.
Case Management in the Tracking Sites
nullse management is an integral part of the nullS program. nullS case managers are PHnullstaff at all tracnullng site programs.
null the nullntgomery nulluntynullnullryland program some partner organinulltions provide nullS case management in addition
to PHnullstaff. nullse managers conduct needs assessmentsnulldevelop the nullSPnulland refer participants to other providers to
receive educationnullemployment assistancenullcounselingnullchildcarenulland other supportive services. PHnullstaffs also provide
training and information related to nullS escronullaccounts. nullS staff reported providing information about honullthe
escronullaccount nullrnullnullhonullthe PHnullnullll nullep the participant informed about the status of the accountnulland assistance
nullth personal budgetingnullsavings strategiesnulland credit repair.
During annual intervienullnulltracnullng site case managers nullre asnulld about their bacnullround and trainingnulltenure in the
nullS programnullposition responsibilitiesnulland about nullether changes occurred to either the services being offered or nullS
service methodsnullsince the study began.
nulln nullnullnullnullnull nullnull case managers nullere associated nullith the nullnullnull participants. During the nenullt null yearsnull nullnullnull families remained nullith
the same case manager and null changed case managers. nulltogethernullnull case managers nullre intervienulld and nullble null
shonull the information from those individuals. On averagenullcase managers in the study tenure nullth the nullS program
is more than nullyearsnullseveral for as long as the nullS program has been in operation at the housing agencynullsome case
managers have been nullth the housing agency for more than null years. nullst case managers have prior enullerience in case
management or social nullrnullor come from other professions such as property management.
nulle average caseload for a case manager nulls null nullS participantsnull
null
ranging from as fenullas null participants in nullnt null
gomery nullunty to nullnullparticipants in nulland Rapids. Of all of the case managersnullnull reported having more than nullnull
families in their nullS caseload. nullr the frenullency of meetings nullth nullS participantsnullnull percent of respondents met nullth
null
null the nenull chapternullnull compare caseloads for the tracnullng sites to the original sample of nullnullPHnull at the time of the nullnull nullS coordinator
intervienull nulle caseload information provided here renullcts average caseloads for the tracnullng sites during the study period.

9
participants once a monthnullcompared nullth null percent nullo reported nullarterly meetings and null percent nullo reported
meeting once a year. nulle null percent nullo gave other responses said that they met as needednullmet every other monthnullor
tnullce per year.
nullse managers in the study said that a larger number of caseloads affected the frenullency of their contact nullth nullS
participants. nulle Orange nulluntynullnullntra nullstanullnullncinnatinulland nullron nullS programs all have large caseloads of
appronullmately nullnullto nullnullper case manager and case management is limited to an annual revienull nullcause the programs
assign one case manager to a family during its entire tenure in the nullS programnullthe program staff seems to be anullre of
their clientsnullneeds and changing circumstances. nulle Orange nullunty and nullntra nullsta program staffnullhonullvernullac null
nullonulledged that their large caseloads prevent them from providing more intensive case management they had provided
in the past nullen they had smaller caseloads.
nulle nullesno and Riverside nullS programs also have large caseloadsnullbut their philosophy appears to be different. Par null
ticipants are rotated to different case managers and the frenullency of contact nullth participants varied by case manager.
Some met the participants monthlynullothers every other month or on a nullarterly basis. nullse managers did not enullress the
same sentiments about the sinull of their caseload or about not having time to attend to their clientsnullneeds.
null nullntgomery nulluntynullnullere case managers remain nullth the same family and the caseload is around null families per
case manager for the Housing Opportunity nullmmission nullOnull staff and null per case manager for partner agency staffnull
the HOnullcase managers commented that their caseloads are too high. nulle HOnullasnull more from their case managers
than the average nullS program in assisting participants meet their goalsnullmaintaining contact nullth clients a minimum of
once a month to monitor their progressnulland more frenullently nullen clients have crises.
nullcal Economic Conditions and Changes Over Time
nullen the evaluation began in nullnullnullthe U.S. economy nulls relatively stablenullnullth positive economic gronullhnullrapid
enullansion in the construction and services industriesnulland lonulllevels of unemployment. nullginning in the last nullarter of
nullnullnullreal economic gronullh declinednullthe unemployment rate steadily increasednullthe housing marnullt collapsednulland the
economy nullnt into a recession that remained at the end of the data collection period. nullese changes in the economy af null
fect the employment prospects for nullS participants and the potential for them to accrue savings in nullS escronullaccounts.
nulle recent economic donullturn has changed enullectations and goal setting for participants at some of the tracnullng
sites. nulle nullanulleconomy and high unemployment rates in nullnull have led some nullS programs to follonullless stringent
renullirements for participants to maintain employment. Orange nulluntynull nullS programnullfor enullmplenullnonullincludes more
detailed descriptions of the goal nulleenulland maintain employmentnullthat manulls the achievement of this goal more realistic
for participants. nulle nullron program also is adnullsting the goal of nullaintaining suitable employmentnullto establish a
more formal enullectation of nullat is nulluitablenulland define the details in the nullP. Denvernull program changed focus from
providing services that focused on nullb placement to services that deliver more training and education as the first step
tonullrd employment. nulle program in nullcnullonville has increased the emphasis on homeonullership because local house
prices have fallen dramaticallynullmanullng this alternative more realistic for many participants.
nullS program staff shared their perceptions of the trends in local economic conditions and employment opportunities
available for nullS participantsnullas part of this study. nullth the enulleption of the nullncinnati program nullhere nullbs in
healthcare and call centers remained stablenull tracnullng study programs reported adverse affects of the nullrsening local
labor marnullt for nullS participants. nullcreased competition enullsted among the snulllled and unsnullllednulleducated and less
educatednulland even for the lonullpayingnulltemporary nullbs. Some programs nullre concerned that nullS participants nullo
maintained steady employment at sustainable nullge levels and nullre gronullng their assets through escronullduring the past
nullto nullyears nullo have nonulllost their nullbs nullll suffer manullr set bacnull in their paths to selfnullufficiency. nullth less than
nullyear left to complete their nullS programnullthese participants nulluld renullire more program services for nullb placementnull
trainingnulland counseling. nullthough an additional enullension of up to nullyears can be granted to those nearing the end of
the nullyear contract periodnullsome participants nullo lost their nullbs may not be able to satisfy the criteria for successful

10
completion stated in their nullPs. nulle effect of unemployment may be visible in program statisticsnullon the types of
services providednullthe number of graduatesnullthe average sinull of escronullbalancenulland the number of homes purchased.
nullthough economic conditions deteriorated in the final nullyears of the studynullin some cases the donullturn in the housing
industry and the increased foreclosure ratesnullhomeonullership may be a more attainable goal for some families. nullis
anomaly nulls especially true for participants that nullre mortgage ready and had escronullbalances to apply to donull
payment or closing costs in nulllifornianullOhionulland nullorida. nullese regions enullerienced substantial declines in housing
prices in recent yearsnull
null
and homeonullership could be a viable option for those nullo are employed nullth a steady income
and are able to obtain credit. null the same timenullstaff in other programs said that an enulless supply of foreclosed homesnull
reductions in donull payment assistance programsnulland more stringent undernulliting criteria among area lendersnullhave
made homeonullership more of a challenge.
Challenges to FSS
One of the most commonly cited challenges described by the nullS program nulls nullb unavailability for nullS families.
nullrly in the studynullthe challenge nulls to place families in nullbs that paid a living nullgenullhad benefitsnulland provided longnull
term security. nullom midnullnullnullto nullnullnullthe challenge transformed to placing participants in any available nullb. Partici null
pants nullo have completed training and met their interim goals find increased competition in the fields they trained for
and a lacnullof available nullbs. nulle goal of helping families find employment nulls becoming increasingly difficult. null the
participant levelnullpoor credit historynulllacnullof nullb snulllls or trainingnulland lacnullof a high school diploma nullre often cited as
participant level barriers to selfnullufficiency. null the program and community levelnullthe absence of community partnersnulla
lacnullof fundingnulland large caseloadsnullnullre cited as challenges.
Deteriorating economic conditions that began in nullnull have reduced the amount of contributions received from state
and local partner organinulltions for the tracnullng site programs. nullntgomery nulluntynullfor enullmplenullreported cutbacnull in
resources from private employers and the Salvation nullmy. nulle Orange nullunty and nullntra nullsta programs have been
affected because some of the nonprofit organinulltions and local government partner agencies nulluch as school systems and
community collegesnullare also enulleriencing reductions in their funding levels. Partner agencies cut bacnullon the services
provided to nullS families shut donull some of the locations nullere services nullre being offerednulland became more selec null
tive in choosing individuals to nullhom they provide services.
nulle nullntgomery nullunty nullS program receives funds from state and local sources to support additional case managers.
nullcording to their nullS coordinator at HOnull nulllthough the nullS program still recruits nenullparticipantsnullunfortunatelynull
because of lacnullof sufficient case managementnullnull continue to have about nullnullfamilies nullo are anulliting an nullS
orientation. nullere are an additional null families nullo have attended an orientation and nonullare anulliting assignment to a
case manager.null
nullS coordinators are anullre of the need to provide services renullired by the different types of enrollees nullining nullS. nulle
decline in partner contributions to provide servicesnullthe lacnullof nulllling partners nullth complementary snullll sets to fill the
gaps in nullS programs at the community levelnulland the uncertainty of funding from HUDnullconstantly pose challenges to
the programs. nullthout secure sources of funding and more local partnershipsnullsome housing agencies have cut costs.
null
null nullnullnullfenullr than nullnullnullnullforeclosures nullre recorded in the United States. null the first tnull nullarters of nullnullnullmore than nullnullnullnullnull foreclosures
nullre recordednullnullth the pace accelerating. Home prices have been spiraling donullnullrd for nullyears to the point nullere null percent of all house holds
that purchased in the past nullyears onull more than their house is nullrth nullttp:nullseenullngalpha.comnullrticlenullnullnullnullhenullreatnullonsumernullrashnullfnullnullnull.
Data compiled by the nullnullOnullL nullSOnullnullnullnullOnull RnullLnullRS
null
indicate that median sales prices of enullsting singlenullamily homes in the
nullcnullonvillenullnullorida metropolitan area declined by null percent from nullnull through the second nullarter of nullnull. During the same periodnullmedian
home sales prices declined by null percent in the nullronnullOhio area and by null percent in the Riversidenullan nullrnardinonullntarionullnulllifornia area. See
http:nullnullnullrealtor.orgnullpsnullcmnullonnectnulldnullnullnullnullnullbnullnullnullnullnullnullfnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullpdfnullOD nullnullPnullnullnullnullHnullD nullnullnullnullnullnullnull null
bnullnullnullnullnullnullfnullnullnull nullccessed on December nullnullnullnullnull

11
Program staff commented on the cutbacnull in vocational training programsnulladult education classesnullreduced availability
of class offerings and financial aid at community collegesnullthe scarcity of resources for emergency fundsnulland reduced
funds for transportation and childcare needs. nulle staff also discussed the increased demand for services. nullS programs
in nullron and nullntgomery nulluntynullfor instancenullreport unmet needs for families nullth mental health issuesnullsubstance
abuse problemsnulland stress disorders. nulle Riverside and nullntgomery nullunty programs report increased issues nullth
teenagers nullangsnulldrinnullngnulland high levels of absenteeism from schoolnull
nullnullFSS Participants
nullis section describes characteristics of nullS participants in the nationally representative sample of nullnullPHnull compared
nullth voucher holders nullo do not participate in nullS. nullapter nullcompares the characteristics of the tracnullng study
participants at the time of enrollment nullth all nullS participants enrolled in the nullnullPHnull.
nulle nullnull Pnull enullracted data indicates that a total of nullnullnull nullS participants enullsted in the representative sample of nullS
programs.
null
nullst nullS participant records are identified as either an nullS enrollment reportnullcorresponding to entry in
the programnulla progress report for ongoing participantsnullor an enullt report for participants leaving the program. nulle type
of enullt is also recorded. nullble nullshonull that in the nullnull enullractnullnullnullnullnenullenrollees and nullnullnull ongoing participants
enullsted in nullS in the nullnullPHnull. Of the total participantsnullnullnullnullleft the programnullnullth nearly onenullhird of those nullo left
nullnullpercentnullhaving completed the nullP.
Demographic information for all nullS
participants is shonull in nullble null nullble null
also compares demographic characteristics
of nullS participants in the nullnullPHnull nullth
nonelderly nondisabled voucher program
participants nullo are not enrolled in nullS.
nulle average nullS participant is nullnulllives in a
household nullth nullpeoplenullnullth nullnullchildren.
nullenullhousehold sinullnulland number of children
are nullite similar for nullS participants and
nonparticipants in the nullnullPHnull. nulle
average annual income for nullS participants is higher than that of nonparticipants. nullerage annual income for nullS
participants nulls nullnullnullnull in nullnullnullcompared nullth nullnullnullnullfor nonnullSS voucher participants. nulle annual income for
null percent of nullS participants and null percent of nonparticipants nulls nullnullnullnullor less. null nullnullnullnull percent of nullS partici null
pants and nullpercent of nonparticipants had annual incomes of more than nullnullnullnull Sources of income nullre fairly similar
for nullS participants and nonparticipants.
nulle study also compared annual incomes for nullS participants in different stages of nullS nullable null based on the type of
record associated nullth each participant. nullerage annual incomes are lonullat program entry and highest for those nullo
enullt and complete the nullS contract. Program enullters nullo did not complete the contract had average annual incomes
nullnullnull lonullr than recent entrants. nullerage annual income for contract completers nulls nearly nullnullnullnullhigher than for
recent enrollees and for enullters nullo did not complete the nullS contract.
nulll tracnullng site programs offer case management internally and many also provide financial literacy and budget
counseling through PHnullstaffnullreferring participants to local service providers to receive other types of employmentnull
educationnulland supportive services. null the time of the nullnull intervienull nullth nullS coordinatorsnullmost enullected nullS pro null
grams to gronullor remain stable in the nenull yearnullbut most did not gronullthe number of participants remained constant
or declined during the study period. nullS tracnullng site case managers report that as their caseload increasesnullthe meeting
nullnull
nullport Type nullmnullr of FSS Participants
Tanulle null FSS Particinullnts null Renullrt Tynullnullenullesentatinull Samnulle
FSS nullogram enrollment renullrt null7null
FSS nullogress renullrt 1null00null
FSS nullogram enullt renullrt 6nullnull
Program enulltnullcontract comnulleted 1null0null
Program enulltnullcontract not comnulleted null72null
null FSS addendum 2nullnull
Total 2nullnullnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullPnull0nulldata for the null0 public housing authorities
null
null used Pnullnull data for these tabulations because the more recent Pnullnull enullract has a higher missing data rate for the nullS addendum.

12
FSS Participants
nullnnullSSnullnullnelderlynull
nullndisanulled nulloucher Participants
Mean Mean
Tanulle null nullmogranullic Characteristics of FSS Particinullnts Comnullred nullth nullnnullSSnullnullnelderlynullnullndisanulled
nulloucher Particinullnts
Age nulln yearsnull nullnull nullnull
Household sinull null2 null2
nullmnullr of children 1null2 1null
Gender null % null %
Female 26null2null null nullnull0null null
nullle 2nullnull null nullnullnull 10
nullnual nullcome null % null %
nullnull000 null01null 1null 6null6null 20
nullnull00null10null00 nullnullnull 20 77null07 22
null0null01null20null00 null7null null 10null7null null
null0null01nullnullnull00 6null6null 21 60null1null 17
nullnullnull00 null72 1null nullnullnull null
Total 2nullnullnull 100 null0nullnull 100
nullannulledian annual income null6nullnull nullnullnull0 nullnullnull1 null2null17
Sources of income
Percent receiving this source of income null % null %
nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull 17null7null 61 206nullnull null
SSnull nullnullnull 17 nullnull67 12
SSnull null 0 17 0
Social Security retirement nullnullnull 12 22null21 6
Prinullte nullnsion 22null 1 1nullnull 1
nullher 10nullnull null 12nullnull2 null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull = nullcial nullcurity nullsability nullsurance. nullnull= nullpplemental nullcurity nullcome.
nullurcesnullPnull0nulldata for the null0 public housing authorities
nullnull
nullnual nullcome null Mean nullnull Median nullnull
Tanulle null FSS Particinullnt nullcome
At FSS nullogram enrollment null7null 1nullnull6 1null1null
FSS nullogress renullrt 1null00null 17nullnull 1nullnull0
FSS nullogram enulltnullcontract not comnulleted null72null 1null6null 12null0null
FSS nullogram enulltnullcontract comnulleted 1null0null 2null2null 2nullnull2
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullPnull0nulldata for the null0 public housing authorities
frenullency nullth nullS participants declines. nulle recent economic donullturn has resulted in challenges for nullS programsnull
including greater demand for program services and fenullr local resources that provide them. nulle nenull chapter enullmines
the characteristics of the tracnullng study participants and programs.

13
nullis section describes the tracnullng study programs and participants. nullis section focuses on three nullestions:
null Honulldo nullS tracnullng study programs compare to those in the representative sample of nullS programsnull
null nulle tracnullng study participants similar to other nullS participantsnull
null nullat are the characteristics of the nullnullnullS tracnullng study participants around the time of program enrollmentnull
FSS Programs in the Tracking Study
nulle tracnullng group includes nullnullnullS participants in null nullS programs nullable null.
Pnull Code Pnull nullme nullmnullr of Tracking Study Participants
Tanulle null PHAs and FSS Particinullnts in the Study
CA006 City of Fresno Housing Authority 20
CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority 6
CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority null
CA0null nullange County Housing Authority 20
Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority 12
Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority 17
null022 Rockford Housing Authority 11
null00null nullchita Housing Authority 20
null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynullnullryland 20
null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission null
null0null nullssoula Housing Authority null
null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority 20
null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 10
null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 10
Total 1null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
null designnullthese programs nullre larger than the average nullS program. nulle total numbers of nullS tracnullng study partici null
pants nullre compared nullth the number of all nullS program participants using both the Pnullnull and the Pnullnull data. null of
nullnullnullthe tracnullng study sites had a median of nullnullparticipants nullompared nullth nullnullin the typical nullS programnull nullis
disparity is because the selection nulls intentionally focused on nullS programs that nullre nulllling to participate in the study
and that had up to null recent nullS enrollees in the first months of the tracnullng study. nullcause the programs are largernullthe
tracnullng sites have more staff and a larger number of nullS cases nullables nulland null.
nullslightly higher proportion of the tracnullng sites received nullS coordinator funding in nullnull than nulls true for the full
sample of null PHnull nullnullpercent compared nullth null percentnull null enullmine nullether nullS tracnullng site programs differ
from other programs in other respectsnullnullble nullshonull additional information about nullS staffing and case management
compiled from nullS coordinator intervienull.
Characteristic
Tracking Sites null nullnullnull
nullpresentative Sample of
FSS Programs null nullnullnull
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Tanulle null Sinull of the FSS ProgramnullTracking Sites Comnullred nullth Renullesentatinull Samnulle of FSS Programs
nullmnullr of FSS nullrticinullnts null0 null6 null0 2null 2null 1null 26null 10null
FSS sinull as a nullonullrtion of
nullucher nullogram sinull
nullnull null nullnull null null0null null null6null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullPnull0nulland Pnull0nulldata

14
nullproaches tanulln to staff nullS case management are similar in the tracnullng sites and other nullS programs. Out of the
null sites reportingnullnone use other organinulltions to provide nullS case management. nulleting frenullency betnullen case
managers and nullS participants is somenullat similar for the tracnullng sites and the larger group of programs. null factnullmore
than null percent of the tracnullng sites and more than onenullalf of the representative sample of nullS programs indicated that
case managers meet nullth nullS participants monthly or more frenullently nullnullpercent in the tracnullng sites and null percent
in the sample programsnull nullusnulldespite the larger sinull of the tracnullng site programsnullit appears that the intensity of case
management provided is similar to that in other nullS programs.
Characteristics of the Tracking Group at Enrollment
nullis section describes the characteristics of the nullnulltracnullng group families at nullS program enrollment. nulle measured
characteristics nullre obtained close to the time of enrollment using the nullnull checnullist completed by the case managers.
nulle study compared the characteristics of the null tracnullng sites to all null nullS programs nullth enrollment records using the
Pnullnull data.
null
Comparing the Tracking Group nullth the Sample of FSS Enrollees
nulle tracnullng study participants are not representative of the overall nullS populationnullnor can their nullS outcomes be
generalinulld to the nullS program as a nullole. null is nevertheless of some interest to nullonullhonullthese families compare to
Characteristic Tracking Sites null nullnullnull
nullpresentative
Sample of FSS
Programs null nullnullnull
null null
Tanulle null FSS Program Stafnullg and Case nullnagementnullTracking Sites Comnullred nullth nullher FSS Programs
Anullrage numnullr of PHA staff nullo nullrk on FSS nullogram null7 2
Anullrage FTnulldedicated to FSS null 1null
Anullrage FSS caseload 1null null
nulles the Pnull have FSS coordinator fundsnull null % null %
nulles 10 71 7null 6null
null null 2null 26 null
null case management done null Pnull staff or null staff from an outside organinulltionnull null % null %
PHA staff null null 6null 7null
Staff from outside organinulltion null null 1null 17
Comnullnation 1 10 null null
nullt anulllicanulle null null 1 1
nullssing null null 17 null
nullw frenullently do FSS case managers meet with FSS participantsnull null % null %
Annually 1 7 11 11
nullannually 1 7 null null
nullarterly null 2null 2null 2null
nullery other month 1 7 null null
nullnthly null 2null null null
Tnull or three times a month 2 1null null null
nullariesnulldenullnding on need and time in nullogram 1 7 null null
nullw do FSS case managers usually contact participantsnull null % null %
nullstly null nullone 1 null 11 12
nullstly in nullrson null 2null 1null 1null
nullnullof nullone and in nullrson null 67 71 7null
nullssing 2 null null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= fullnullime employee. PHA = public housing authority.
nullurcenullnullnullcoordinator internullews
null
null ensure that participants being compared nullre at appronullmately the same point in their nullS program participationnullnull selected only Pnull
records designated as enrollment reports in the nullS addendum. nullese individuals nullre compared nullth the tracnullng group in their first year in the
nullS program.

15
enrollees in the representative sample of null nullS programsnullto provide contenull for the tracnullng group data. nulle tracnull null
ing group differs in some nullys from all nullS enrolleesnullbut is sufficiently similar that the findings about the tracnullng
group can be considered illustrative of the overall program nullee nullble nullnull null the year they nullined nullSnulltracnullng study
participants had higher annual incomesnullhigher employment ratesnulland generally higher educational attainment than nullS
enrollees in the larger sample. nulle tracnullng group is also slightly younger than the participants in the total sample of
nullS programs. nulle average annual income in the year of nullS enrollment nulls nullnullnullnullfor the tracnullng group compared
nullth nullnullnullnullfor all nullS enrollees. null additionnulla larger percentage of tracnullng study participants nullre employed nullnull
percentnullthan in the larger nullS sample nullnullpercentnull null the time of enrollmentnulla larger proportion of the tracnullng group
had attended some college or graduated from college compared nullth the sample group. nullusnullat the time of program
enrollmentnullthe tracnullng site participants for nullom the study had analynulld nullS outcomes appeared slightly more
advantaged than participants in all nullS programs.
Enrolled FSS Participants
in Sample of
FSS Programs
a
null nullnullnullnull
Tracking Study
Participants
null
null nullnullnull
Mean Median Mean Median
Tanulle nullnull Comnullring FSS Particinullnts in 1nullTracking Sites and the null FSS Programs nullth the Tracking nullounull
Particinullnts
Age null years null years null years null years
Anullrage annual income nullnull107 null1nullnull null6nullnull nullnull1null
Employment status null % null %
Full time 1nullnull null 77 null
Part time nullnull 11 null 27
nullt emnulloyed 2nullnull null null null
nullssing 16 null null null
Total nullnullnull 100 1null 100
Education nullears of schoolingnull null % null %
nullss than high school null12 yearsnull 2nullnull null null 2null
High school graduate null2 yearsnull 1null60 null 72 null
Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull nullnull 17 null 27
College graduate null6nullyearsnull 1null null 10 6
nullssing null null 11 null
Total nullnullnull 100 1null 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
a
Pnull0nulldata for the null tracnullng sites and for the null programs.
b
The nullAnull0nullchecnullist is used for agenullemploymentnulland annual income for the tracnullng groupnulland the
earliest anullilable Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter system record is used for education.
Characteristics of the Tracking Group
nullis section provides more details about the tracnullng group soon after they enrolled in nullS. During the year of enroll null
mentnullthe average tracnullng study participant nulls null years oldnullfemalenullnullth annual household income of more than
nullnullnullnullnullable nullnull nullis average income includes income from public benefitsnullalthough more than null percent reported
some earnings from employment in the year they enrolled in nullS nullable nullnull
nullst nullnullpercentnulltracnullng study participants nullre nullrnullng at the time they entered the nullS programnullearning an aver null
age of nullnullper hournullas shonull in nullble null.
nullS case managers nullrnullnullth the participant to develop the nullP that describes individual goals and service needs at
the beginning of the nullS term. nullese goals help the participant and case manager plan service referral strategies and
monitor participantsnullprogress. nullmpletion of education nullnullpercentnulland obtaining employment nullnullpercentnullnullre the
tnull goals most frenullently mentioned in the nullSP for the tracnullng group in the first year of their participation in nullS.
nullhieving homeonullership nullnullpercentnull reducing debt nullnullpercentnull obtaining a nullb nullth better nullges nullnullpercentnull
obtaining a nullb nullth benefits nullnullpercentnull and completing training nullnullpercentnull nullre also listed as goals for the tracnullng
study sample nullen they enrolled in nullS nullable nullnull

16
Sources of nullcome and nullcome Supports
Tracking Group Participants null nullnullnull
null %
Employment Status at Time Form nullas
Completed nullrom checklist datanull
Tracking Group Participants null nullnullnull
null %
Tanulle nullnull Renullrted nullcome Sources for FSS Tracking nullounullParticinullnts in the nullear of nullrollment
nullrned income 110 61
Food Stamnullnullogram nullnenulls null null
nulldicaidnullhildrennulls health insurance nullogram 72 null
Child sunullort null null
nullrned income tanullcredit null 2null
TAnull null 2null
SSnull 22 12
nullneral assistance 21 12
nullemnulloyment insurance 6 null
SSnull null 2
Social Security retirement 1 1
Prinullte nullnsion 1 1
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull = nullcial nullcurity nullsability nullsurance. nullnull= nullpplemental nullcurity nullcome. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists
Tanulle nullnull Tracking nullounullParticinullntsnullnullnulloyment Status in the nullear of nullrollment in FSS
Full time 77 null
Part time null 26
nullt emnulloyed null 2null
nullssing null 2
Total 1null 100
Current nullnullnullrom checklist datanull null Mean Median Min Max
nullmnullr of months in current nullnullnull2null 121 nullnull 2null 1 220
Hours nullrked nullr nullek at current nullnullnull2null null nullnull2 null null null
Hourly nullge at current nullnullnull26null 110 null1null2 null0nullnull nullnull0
a
nullnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
a
null is linullly that this wage is below the minimum wage because it included tips.
nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists and case manager internullews
Goal
nulldividual Goals in nullSP null nullnullnull
null %
Tanulle nullnull nullSP nullals at the Time of FSS nullrollment for the Tracking nullounull
Comnullete education null null
nulltain emnulloyment null null
Achienull homeonullershinull 7null null
Reduce denull 6null null
nulltain a nullnullnullth nulltter nullges null null
nulltain a nullnullnullth nullnenulls null 2null
nulltanullish credit null 2null
Comnullete training null 22
nullit TAnull null 20
nullarn money management 1null 10
nullnullonull nullrsonal health 12 7
nullnullonull transnullrtation null null
nulltanullish onull nullsiness null null
nulltain mentoring 7 null
nullitiate career enullloration null 2
nullnullonullnullcnullire childcare 1 1
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull = nulldinulldual Training and nullrnullce Plan. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullurcenull200nullparticipant tracnullng checnullist

17
nullse managers nullre asnulld to assess the probability for program completion based on the information compiled during
the familynull first year in the program. nullse managers nullre optimistic about enullected program completion rates for
the nenullentrants nullable nullnull nulley rated the prospects for completion enullellent or very good for null percent of familiesnull
and fair or good for null percent of the families. Only nullpercent of the families nullre nulldged to have poor prospects for
completing the nullS program.
Service nulled
nullth nulled
null
nullferred
%
nullceived Service
%
Ongoing Service
%
Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds Renullrted null Tracking nullounullParticinullnts in the nullear of nullrollment in FSS
Counseling 12null 6null null null
nullnulloyment null 7null null 72
nullucation null 7null null 7null
Household skills and management 66 7null null 7null
Personal nulllfare null null null 6null
Transnullrtation 1null 6null null 7null
Childcare 1null null null 61
nullher nullssistance nullth utility nullymentsnull
helnullto start a nullsinessnull
null 7null null 7null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nulltenullPercentages are based on those people who are identinulld with a need.
nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists
Prospects for Program Completion
nullrom checklist datanull
null %
Tanulle nullnull Case nullnager Percenullions of Prosnullcts for Particinullnt Success in the nullear of nullrollment in FSS
Poor null 2
Fair 1null null
nullod null 2null
nullery good null 27
nullcellent null 2null
nullssing 21 12
Total 1null 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullParticipant tracnullng checnullistnullnullnullcoordinator internullew database
nullse managers identified tracnullng group service needs for the first year in the programnullounseling for homeonullership
and money managementnullnullre the most frenullently mentioned services. nullse managers for about onenullalf the families
said that employment and educationnullelated services nullre an important need for families in the study nullable nullnull
nullse managers also provided their perceptions on potential barriers to progress in nullS nullable nullnull nulle cost of childcarenull
lacnullof nullb snullllsnulland lacnullof transportation nullre considered the three most linullly barriers to program completion.
nullronic health problems such as cardiovascular diseasenullobesitynulldiabetesnulland depressionnullcoupled nullth a lacnullof
health insurancenullnullre also mentioned by case managers as significant barriers to achieving selfnullufficiency for many
nullS participants. Other barriers that case managers mentioned nullre problems associated nullth risnull behavior of older
children in the family and difficulty obtaining drivers licenses for household heads.
null summarinullnullnullS tracnullng group programs are larger than the typical nullS programnullnullth more participantsnullmore
staffnulland larger nullS caseloads than other nullS programs. nulle tracnullng group programs nullre more linullly to have
received nullS coordinator funding in nullnull than other programs. nulle average tracnullng participant nulls null years oldnull
femalenullnullth an annual income of nullnullnullnullin the year of enrollment in nullS. nullst tracnullng participants nullnullpercentnullnullre
nullrnullng nullen they nullined the nullS programnulland case managers anticipated that most tracnullng group participants nulluld
eventually complete the nullS program. nulle follonullng chapters enullmine nullS outcomes for these families.

18
Tanulle nullnull Case nullnager Percenullions of nullrriers to Contract Comnulletion in the nullear of nullrollment in the FSS
Tracking nullounull
Childcare 1null 10
nullck of nullnullskills andnullr enullerience 2null 1null
nullck of transnullrtation 1null 7
Physical disanulllity null null
nullck of motinulltion null null
Failure to meet interim milestones null null
Careginullr to family memnullrnullnull 2 1
Failure to keenullanullointments nullth case manager null 2
nullntal health disanulllity 2 1
nullmestic nullolence 2 1
Sunulltance anullse 0 0
nullher nullot hanullng a nullnull childcare resnullnsinulllitiesnull
health of childnullcriminal historynulldenullnullredit issuesnull
language nullonullemsnulllack of a sunullort systemnull
null 2null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= nullneral nulluinulllency nullploma.
nulltenullPercentages are based on the nullnullparticipants. nullse managers could report more than one barrier per participant.
nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists
nullrrier
nullported To null nullfected null nullrrier null nullnullnull
null %

19
nullis chapternullnullhich provides an assessment of the outcomes for the tracnullng group familiesnullansnullrs the follonullng four
nullestions:
null nullo graduated from the nullS programnullnullo left the program or nulls terminated from the program before
contract completionnullnullat nullre the reasons for program enullt or terminationnull
null Honulldo graduates compare to other enullters and those still enrolled in the programnull
null Honulldo the nullS program enulleriences of graduatesnullother enulltersnulland stillnullnrolled participants vary across
individual goals for the programnullattainment of interim milestonesnullservice needs and receipt thereofnulland escronull
accumulationnull
null nullsed on interim outcomes observednullnullat are the graduation prospects for stillnullnrolled program participantsnull
nulle chapter details a description of the tracnullng group outcomes as of nullnullnullonullmany graduatednullhonullmany enullted
nullthout graduatingnulland honullmany remained. nullr those nullo left nullthout completing the programnullthis study enulllores
reasons for program enullt. nulle nenull section compares the demographic characteristics of nullS graduatesnullother enulltersnull
and participants still enrolled in the nullS program. nulle follonullng section enullmines the employment and nullS program
enulleriences for each of the three groups. nullnallynullbased on interim outcomes observed for this group and findings about
factors associated nullth graduation from nullSnullthe potential for nullS program completion nulls assessed among the stillnull
enrolled participants.
nullnullFinal Outcomes Onullerved for the Tracking Group Participants
null the time data collection for the tracnullng study ended in September nullnullnull
ƒ null nullS participants had graduated from the program nullnullpercent of the tracnullng groupnull
ƒ null left the program before graduation nullnullpercentnull
ƒ nulle remaining null participants nullnullpercentnullnullre still enrolled in the nullS program.
ƒ null participants in the nullnullnullrnullnullty Housing nullthority nullre dropped from the tracnullng group in nullnull because the
nullS program nulls discontinued in that agency in October nullnull.
nullble null and nullhibit nullenullmine the patterns of attrition and graduation over time for the tracnullng study participants.
nullble null shonull the yearnullonullear attrition and graduation rates for tracnullng study participants at discrete points in timenull
the end of each subsenullent year after enrollment. nullhibit nulldisplays the attrition and graduation rates graphicallynullin a
continuous time plot shonullng the programnull cumulative participant graduation and drop out rates. Of the participants in
the nullnullnullrnullnullty Housing nullthority nullnullHnullnullnull nullre dropped from the tracnullng study in nullnull because nullnullnull
discontinued its nullS program at the end of October nullnull.
null
nullese participants nullre not included in these calculations.
nullcause nullS outcomes for these participants are unclearnullthey have also been enullluded from comparisons of graduates
and other enullters. During the first year after enrollmentnullnull percent of the remaining nullnullnullS participants in the study
nullre still enrolled in nullS. Of the participantsnullnullpercent had enullted the program nullthout completing the nullPnulland
nullpercent had fulfilled their contracts and graduated from nullS. Of the nullnullparticipants remaining at the end of the first
null
nulle program nulls discontinued because of budgetary constraints across the housing authority and because the agency did not receive nullS coor null
dinator funding from HUD. nulle average escronullbalance for the null participants at the time of the nullnull case manager intervienull nulls nullnullnull. Of the
null participantsnullnullnullre employed full time or part time nullen the program ended and nullnullre considered by their case managers to have very good
or enullellent prospects for completing the nullS program. nullcording to the case managernullescronullmoney nulls disbursed to the nullnullnullparticipants
if they nullre in good standing in the programnullhad completed their nullS goalsnulland had not received nulllfare income in the last null months.

20
Graduation nullopout Still Enrolled
nullitial Enrollment at the Start
of Each FSS nullear null nullnullnull
null % % %
year after enrollmentnullnull percent left nullthout graduating the second year. null the third year after enrollmentnullan almost
enullal share of participants graduated compared nullth the number that left nullthout completing the program. null the fourth
year since enrollmentnullthe same number of nullS participants graduated compared nullth the number nullo enullted from the
program. Of the participants still remaining in the program at the end of nullyearsnullnullpercent graduated in subsenullent
years and nullpercent enullted for other reasons. nullcluding the null nullnullnullrnullparticipants from the denominatornullthe attrition
rate during the entire tracnullng period is null percentnullthe graduation rate is null percentnulland null participants nullnullpercent of
nullnull nullre still enrolled in nullS at the end of the study period.
nulltrition rates overallnullnd rates of graduationnullary across programs. null three sitesnullno nullS participants had com null
pleted the program successfully as of nullnull. null tnull other sitesnullonenullalf or more of the participants graduated.
Cumulative Pronullnulllity Plot
null also enullmined the attrition and graduation probabilities over time by plotting the nullmulative nullcidence nullnction
nullnullnull nullnullnullprovides an estimate of the cumulative probability of the event of interest nullraduationnullby time tnullgiven
that other outcomes or competing risnull nullrogram enulltnullare possible.
null
nullcompeting risnullis an event thatnullif it occursnull
nullll change the probability or prevent the event under enullmination. Sonullthe plot for graduation shonull the proportion
of participants at a given number of years since
enrollment nullo have graduated in the presence of
the risnullof enullting nullthout graduating. nullhibit null
plots the cumulative probabilities for graduation
and nongraduate enullt. null shonull thatnullfor enullmplenull
nullyears into enrollmentnullthe cumulative probability
of graduation is less than null percentnullnullile the
cumulative probability of other program enullts is
about null percent.
nulle graph indicates that the cumulative probability
of graduation nulls lonullnullround null percentnullduring
the first nullyears after program enrollment. nulle
participantnull graduation rate started to picnullat the
end of year nulland gradually accelerated through
the third year. nullroughout the study periodnullthe
Tanulle nullnull FSS Program Status of Study Particinullnts null nullear of nullrollment
First year after enrollment nullays 1null6null 2 null null 100
Second year after enrollment nullays null6nullnullnull null 16 7null null
Third year after enrollment nullays 7nullnullnullnullnull 11 12 77 70
Fourth year after enrollment nullays 1nullnullnullnull60null 10 10 null null
nullre than nullyears after enrollment null 7 null null
Percentage of initial enrollment nullf 170 nullrticinullntsnull
enullluding the nullCHA nullrticinullntsnull
2null null null 100
Exit
Graduation
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Cumulative Incidence
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Years since program enrollment
Exhinullt null Cumulatinull Pronullnulllity Plot for nulladuation and nullit
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnullA = nullw nullrnullnullty Housing Authority.
nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews
null
nullis is similar to the nullplannulleier survival function but tanulls into account more than tnull outcomes. Stillnullnrolled participants are treated as
censored because they have not yet enullerienced a final outcome. nulle SnullOnullSnull command in Stata nulls used to generate the nullnull. null referred
to nullviellonullnullncennullnulland nully nullggess. nullnull. nullumulative nullcidence nulltimation in the Presence of nullmpeting Risnullnull The Stata Journal nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull

21
programnull other enullt rate nulls alnullys higher than the graduation rate. nullthough the participants enullt rate nulls relatively
lonullduring the first yearnullit began to accelerate at the beginning of the second year. null the end of the second yearnullthe
probability rate of a participant enullting the program enulleeded null percent. nulle enullt rate continued increasing through the
third and fourth yearsnullreaching close to null percent at the end of the fourth year. nullis section enullmines the cumulative
probabilitynullover timenullof nullS program graduation in the presence of the competing risnullof enullting the program. nullapter
nulla competing risnullregression analyses is performed to enullmine the association betnullen participant and program
characteristics and graduation.
null
null also calculated the duration in nullS for the tracnullng group. On averagenullgraduates nullre in the program slightly
longer than other enullters. nullst of the families in the study nullnullpercentnullenrolled in nullS in late nullnull or early nullnull.
null
nullr
the null program graduatesnullthe average time in nullS nulls about nullnullyears nullnullmonthsnull the null enullters spentnullon averagenullnull
months in the program.
null
nulle null nullnullnullparticipants had been in the program for null months nullen the program closed
in October nullnull. Stillnullnrolled participants have been in the program for almost null months.
nullasons for nullaving the FSS Program
nullny participants nullnullof nullnullnullo left the nullS program nullthout completing the nullP did so either because they had
violated nullS program rules or they had violated voucher program rules and had lost their voucher assistance. nullolation
of nullS program rules included failure to communicate nullth the nullS casenullrnullr or to respond to casenullrnullr outreachnull
failure to meet nullS program goals or shonullup for an annual revienulland continuing to receive public assistance. nullola null
tions of voucher program rulesnullas reported by nullS case managersnullincluded failed housing nullality inspection and
not completing income recertification. null some cases the voucher nulls terminated for people nullo had moved nullthout
notifying the PHnull
Other participants left the program voluntarily. nullr enullmplenullone participant reported that the nullS program nulls not
meeting her needs and another became financially overnullalified for the voucher program nullen she nulls married and
her household income enulleeded the Hnull eligibility threshold. Others left because they nullre unable to meet nullS goals
nullile managing nullrnulland family obligations. Other reasons for leaving the program before completing the nullP include
illnessnulldeathnullor use of the voucher to move to another nullrisdiction.
Program participants nullo enullt nullthout completing their contracts forfeit their escronullaccounts. nullile nearly onenullalf
nullnullof nullnullof the participants nullo left nullthout completing their nullPs did not have escronullaccount balancesnullnull had
escronullbalances enulleeding nullnullnull at the time of enullt nullable nullnull and nullenullters had escronullbalances greater than nullnullnull.
Of the enulltersnulleight nullth escronullaccounts greater than nullnullnull left for voluntary reasons such as moving to another
state for a better nullb. Others left because they could not meet nullS goals because of nullrnulland family obligations or their
contract enullired or nulls terminated for not reporting incomenullcontinued receipt of public assistancenulllacnullof communica null
tionnullor failure to shonullup for annual revienull
Of the null participants in the nullnullnullprogramnullnullhad no escronullaccount nullen the program ended nullable nullnull Of these
null participantsnullnullhad escronullaccount balances of nullnullnull or more and nullhad escronulld greater than nullnullnull. nullnullnull
program staff said that participants in good standing nullth the nullS and voucher program at the end of the nullS program
received their escronullfunds.
null
null alternative approach nulluld be the binary logit modelnullusing only those participants in the tracnullng study for nullom an outcome nulls
observednullraduates and enullters. nulle binary logit approach nulluld thus use a smaller sample sinull and also nulluld not tanull into account the fact that
some participants nullre still enrolled in the program at the end of the tracnullng period. null additionnullunlinull the logit modelnullthe competing risnullmodel
also tanulls into consideration the nullime to outcomenull nullich accounts for honullnullicnully people graduate or enullt.
null
nullpendinullnull nullble nullnullshonull enrollment dates for the study participants.
null
Of the participants in the tracnullng group from the Denver Housing nullthoritynulleight enrolled in nullS before nullnull and one enrolled as long ago as
nullnull. nulley nullre retained in the analysis of nullS outcomes but are enullluded from the calculations of time spent in the nullS program. nulle number
of months in nullS is measured from enrollment date in the nullnullnull checnullist to the enullt date provided in subsenullent checnullists and verified in the
case manager intervienull.

22
nullnullComparing FSS GraduatesnullOther Exitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Participants
nullis section compares the characteristics and nullS program enulleriences of nullS graduatesnullother enulltersnulland stillnull
enrolled participants. nulle demographic profile of the null participants still enrolled in the program is compared nullth nullS
graduates and other enullters. nullble null displays household sinullnullnumbers of dependentsnulland educational status of the
three groups from Pnull datanullusing the earliest Pnull record available for each participant. Pnull provides the only source of
information for the tracnullng study participants on household sinullnullnumbers of dependentsnulland educational attainment.
nullucational attainment is measured by the number of years of school completed.
null nullble null shonullnullnull percent of enullters had less than a high school educationnullcompared nullth null percent of gradu null
ates and null percent of the stillnullnrolled participants. nullmost null percent of the null participants still enrolled in the nullS
program had completed some schooling beyond high school compared nullth null percent of the enullters and null percent of
the graduates.
Escrow nullcount nullounts null nullason for nullaving
Exit nullason
nullnullero
Escrow nullcount
nullnullnull or
nullss
nullnullnullnull
nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull
nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull
nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull Total
Tanulle nullnull Reasons for nullanullng the FSS Program and nullcronullnulllances for Program nulliters
Terminated for noncomnulliance 1null 11 1 null 0 1 null
nullft FSS nullluntarily null 2 2 0 null 2 1null
nullft HCnullnullluntarily null 0 0 0 0 0 null
nullft HCnullincome increased 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ported out null 1 1 1 0 0 6
nullath or illness 2 0 1 1 0 0 null
Total null 1null null 6 null null 6null
nullCHA nullrticinullnts enrolled in
FSS nullen nullogram ended
null 1 1 null 1 1 11
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = Housing nulloice nullucher. nullnullA = nullw nullrnullnullty Housing Authority.
nullurcenullnullse manager internullews
Characteristic
Graduates null nullnullnull Exiters null nullnullnull nulltive Participants null nullnullnull
null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull Comnullring Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts nullth nulliters and nulladuates
nullusehold Sinull
1 2 null 6 10 1 2
2 1null null 17 2null 17 26
nullto null 1null null null null null null
nullor more 7 17 null 1null 1null 20
nullssing 0 null 2 null 0 null
Total null 100 6null 100 66 100
nullmnullr of nullears of Schooling Completed
nullss than high school null12 yearsnull 7 1null 21 null 12 20
High school graduate null2 yearsnull 1null null 2null null 26 null
Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull 1null null 10 17 20 null
College graduate null6nullyearsnull null 1null 2 null null null
nullssing 1 null null null null null
Total null 100 6null 100 66 100
nullmnullr of nullpendents
0 null 7 10 16 1 2
1 1null null 17 2null 20 null
2 11 27 17 2null 22 null
nullto null 11 27 1null 21 1null 27
nullor more 2 null null 7 null null
nullssing 0 null 2 null 0 null
Total null 100 6null 100 66 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null and Pnull07 data

23
nulle stillnullnrolled participants resemble the graduates more than they do other enullters for educational attainmentnullbut
the stillnullnrolled participants have larger households and more dependents than either graduates or other enullters. Of the
active participants in nullnullnullnull percent had more than three people in their householdsnullcompared nullth null percent of
the graduates and null percent of the other enullters. Of the stillnullnrolled participants in nullnullnullnull percent had tnull or more
dependentsnullcompared nullth null percent of the graduates and null percent of the enullters.
Employment
nulle participants in the study nullre grouped according to their most common employment status during the tracnullng
period. Participants are defined as being nullostly employednullduring the tracnullng period if they nullre employed at more
than four of the eight tracnullng study data collection points. nullnverselynullparticipants are defined as being nullostly
unemployednullduring the tracnullng period if they nullre unemployed at more than four of the eight the tracnullng study data
collection points. null an individual nulls employed at enullctly onenullalf of the observation pointsnullhe or she nulls classified
as nullntermittently employed.nullnulle number of data collection points varied from personnullonullerson dependent on the total
amount of time in the program.
Employment Status Over the Tracking Period
nullst program graduates nullre employed at nullS program entry and remained employed more or less steadily throughout
their time in the program. Of the graduatesnullnull percent nullre mostly employed compared nullth null percent of the other
enullters nullable nullnull
null
Of the three participantsnulltnull nullre included in the mostly unemployed group because they resemble the mostly unemployed group more closely
than the mostly employed group. nulley tended to be employed at earlier points in the tracnullng period but nullre unemployed by the nullnullnull
checnullist and the nullnull intervienull and nullre thus faring nullrse over time nullth respect to employment in contrast to the steadily employed group.
nulle third person nulls included as part of the mostly employed group.
Employment Status
Graduates Exiters Stillnullnrolled Participants
null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull nullnulloyment Status of FSS nulladuatesnullnullher nullitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Particinullnts
nullstly emnulloyed null null null 60 null 6null
nulltermittently emnulloyed 1 2 null null null null
nullstly unemnulloyed 1 2 1null null 2null null
nullsufnullient information 1 2 null null null null
Total null 100 6null 100 66 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnullnullnullnullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0null
nullarly tnullnullhirds nullnull of the stillnullnrolled participants nullre mostly employed. nulllittle more than onenullhird nullnull of the
stillnullnrolled participants nullre mostly unemployed. Only nullof the stillnullnrolled nullS participants moved in and out of
employment during the tracnullng periodnullnullth periods of unemployment follonulld by periods of employment.
null
nullployment patterns for enullters resemble those for the stillnullnrolled participantsnullnullpercent of enullters nullre mostly
employed during the study periodnulland null percent nullre mostly unemployednullcompared nullth null percent of the stillnull
enrolled participants. Of enulltersnullnullpercent nullre intermittently employed during the observation period.
nulle stillnullnrolled participants nullre either mostly employed or mostly unemployed during the nullyear tracnullng period.
nulle share in fullnullime or partnullime employment remained stable at about null percent at each observation pointnullalthough
a slight shift tonullrd fullnullime employment occurred over time. nulle most common types of nullbs for those nullo nullre
steadily employed nullre administrativenullclericalnullor healthcare related nullbs.

24
Hours Worked and Wages
nullr graduates nullo nullre mostly employed during the tracnullng periodnullhours nullrnulld and nullges increased over time:
average hours nullrnulld increased from null to nullnulland average hourly nullge increased from nullnullnull in nullnull to nullnullnull in the
graduation year nullable nullnull nullr other enullters nullo nullre mostly employed during their time in the programnullthe average
nullenully hours nullrnulld dropped but the nullges increased slightly from nullnullnull to nullnullnull in the year they left the program.
nullr stillnullnrolled participants nullo nullre mostly employednullhours nullrnulld and nullges increased modestly over time:
average hours nullrnulld increased from null to null and the average hourly nullge increased from nullnullnull in nullnull to nullnullnull in
nullnull nullable nullnull
Employment
Status
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
null % null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull nullnulloyment Status of Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts
Full time 21 null 26 null 2null null 2null null
Part time 22 null 21 null 12 1null 1null 2null
nullt emnulloyed 2null null 1null 2null 2null null 2null null
nullssing 0 null 0 null 1 null 0 null
Total 66 100 66 100 66 100 66 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnullnullnullnullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists

Graduates null nullnullnull Other Exiters null nullnullnull
nullnull
null End of Program
Participation
nullnull
null End of Program
Participation
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
Tanulle nullnull Anullrage nulleekly Hours nullorked and Anullrage Hourly nullage for nullstly nullnulloyed nullounull
Tanulle nullnull Anullrage nulleekly Hours nullorked and Anullrage Hourly nullage for nullstly nullnulloyed nullounullnullnullof the 66
Stillnullnrolled Particinullntsnull
Hourly nullge nulln 200nulldollarsnull null1nullnull nullnullnull null1nullnull null2null7
nulleekly hours nullrked null null null null
Hourly nullge nulln 200nulldollarsnull null1nullnull nullnull01 null2nullnull nullnull61
nulleekly hours nullrked 2nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
Receipt of Fringe Benefits From Employment
nullbles null and null shonullthe receipt of fringe benefits for each of the participant groups.
nullble null shonull an increase in the proportion of stillnullnrolled participants nullo received fringe nullb benefits. nullound the
program enrollment time in nullnullnullnull percent of the mostly employed stillnullnrolled participants nullre receiving paid sicnull
leave. null nullnullnullnull percent of the mostly employed stillnullnrolled participants nullre receiving paid sicnullleave. nullcreases
in benefits for paid vacationnullhealth insurancenulland retirement accounts are also evident. nullre than onenullalf of the
mostly employednullstillnullnrolled participants nullre receiving paid sicnullleavenullpaid vacationnulland health insurance. nulle
share receiving retirement benefits did not change much after the first year. nulle improvement in benefits indicates that
the mostly employednullstillnullnrolled participants nullre manullng modest advances in their employment benefits and nullb
nullality during the tracnullng period.
null
nullth the Pnull data and the case manager intervienull contain employment status information. nullr ease in readingnullPnull data are used for the tenull.
nullr full datanullnullich includes the information gathered from the case manager intervienullnullsee nullpendinullnull
nullble null shonull the employment status for the stillnullnrolled participants in the Pnull data during the tracnullng period.
null

25
nullmpared nullth the stillnullnrolled participants and enulltersnulla higher proportion of the graduates nullo nullre mostly
employed during the tracnullng period nullre receiving fringe nullb benefits at program start. nullr enullmplenullnull percent nullre
receiving health insurance at program start compared nullth null percent of the mostly employed enullters and null percent of
the mostly employed stillnullnrolled participants nullable null and nullble nullnull null the time of graduationnullnull percent of the
mostly employed graduates nullre reporting receipt of fringe benefits compared nullth less than null percent of the other
enullters at their time of program enullt.
nullusehold nullcome
nullble null shonull the average annual household income close to enrollment nulln nullnull dollarsnullfor the stillnullnrolled
participants as of nullnullnullgraduatesnulland other enullters. nullerage annual income around the time of program enrollment
nulls the highest for graduates nullncluding those nullth no income at allnullat nullnullnullnulland increased to nullnullnullnullin their year
of graduation nullhe percentile distribution of starting and ending income for graduates is also shonull in nullble nullnull nulle
median starting income for graduates nulls nullnullnullnulland median ending income nulls nullnullnullnull nulle average annual income
for nullS enullters increased by a much smaller marginnullfrom about nullnullnullnullin the first tracnullng year to nullnullnullnullin the
year they left the program.
nulle average income around the time of program enrollment for those still enrolled in the program in nullnull nulls nullnullnullnull
lonullr than that of graduates but higher than that of other enullters. null the last point income nulls observednullthe average
annual income of the stillnullnrolled participants nulls still higher than that of enullters nullnullnullnull vs. nullnullnullnullnullbut lonullr than
Fringe nullnenull
nullported
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
null % null % null % null %
Tanullle nullnullnull Pronullortion of nullostly nullmnullloyed nullnullnull of the 66 Stillnullnullnrolled Particinullantsnull nullrounull Renullorting Fringe nullenenullts
Paid sick leanull 6 1null 1null null 20 null 2null null
Paid nullcation 7 16 17 null 20 null 22 null
Health insurance null 1null 1null null 22 null 22 null
Retirement account null 7 10 2null null 21 null 21
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
Fringe nullnenull
nullported
Graduates null nullnullnull Other Exiters null nullnullnull
nullnull
null End of Program
Participation
nullnull
null End of Program
Participation
null % null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull Pronullrtion of nullstly nullnulloyed nullounullRenullrting Fringe nullnenulls
Paid sick leanull 1null null 2null null 10 16 10 16
Paid nullcation 1null null 2null null 10 16 7 11
Health insurance 1null null 2null null 16 2null 11 17
Retirement account 17 null 1null null 7 11 null 6
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
FSS Status at
End of Tracking Period
Starting nullcome nullnullnull nullst Onullerved nullcome nullnullnull
Percentage
Change
null
nullverage nullnual null nullcome
nulln nullnull dollarsnull
null nullverage nullnual null nullcome
Tanulle nullnull Anullrage Annual Household nullcome for nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the Stillnullnrolled Particinullnts at
Program nullrollment and nulld of the Tracking Period
nulladuates null nullnullnull2 null nullnullnull0 6null
Percentile nullstrinulltion Percentile nullstrinulltion
2nullh nullth 7nullh 2nullh nullth 7nullh
null0null10 null7null0null nullnull2null null1nullnull null2null2null null2nullnull
nulliters 6null null nullnullnull1 6null null nullnullnullnull 2
Still enrolled in FSS 66 null nullnull1null 66 null null0nullnull 11
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. HH = household.
nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullistnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews

26
that of nullS graduates nullnullnullnullnull nulladuates sanullannual household incomes gronullby null percent during their time in nullSnull
compared nullth an nullnullercent increase for those still enrolled in the program as of nullnull and a nullpercent increase for
those nullo left nullS nullthout graduating.
Participant checnullist data indicate that the income increased for graduates during the study period as a result of
retaining employmentnullincreasing nullrnullhoursnulland increases in nullges over time. nullformation nulls not collected on the
employment status of other household membersnullso the enullent that household income increases are a result of earnings
from others in the household cannot be assessed. Of the graduates null percent nullre employed full time or part time at
enrollmentnullcompared nullth null percent at the last observation point. nullr enulltersnullnull percent nullre employed at enrollment
compared nullth null percent at the last observation point. nullerage incomes for the full tracnullng group null nullnullnull measured
in Pnull data are shonull in nullpendinullnull
Sources of Income
nullble null shonull the sources of income for the stillnullnrolled participants at the four checnullist data collection points. nulle
proportion of participants receiving nullnull declined from null percent at the beginning to nullpercent by the end of tracnullng
periodnullnullich is consistent nullth manullng progress tonullrd nullS graduation. nullis trend can be attributed to the nullS gradua null
tion renullirement that a family must stop receiving nullnull assistance for a period of null months to complete the nullP.
nullr the stillnullnrolled participants in the program nullen the tracnullng period endednullthe proportion receiving income from
earnings stayed around null percent during the tracnullng period although a slight drop occurred in nullnull nullee nullble nullnull
nullpendinullnullcontains additional details about the income sources for the null stillnullnrolled families at various points
during the tracnullng period.
nullhigher proportion of the graduates nullre receiving income from employment tonullrd the end of program participation
than at program start nullnullpercent compared nullth null percent at program startnull nulle proportion receiving nullnull income
dropped from null percent at program start to nullpercent close to graduation nullable nullnull null contrastnullfenullr enullters nullre re null
ceiving income from employment at program end than at program start. Receipt of nullnull income for enullters decreased
nullrom null to null percentnull but not as much as it did for the graduates or for the stillnullnrolled participants.
nullst nullS graduates stopped receiving nullnull benefits at least null months before they completed their nullS contract.
Some nullnullof null graduatesnullnullre still participating in the Hnull program at the time of nullS program completion.
nullthough participants can still be in the voucher program nullen they graduate from nullSnullall members of the household
Percent nullceiving This
Source of nullcome
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
null % null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull Selected Sources of nullcome for Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts
nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull null 6null null 67 null 67 null 62
Food Stamnullnullogram nullnenulls null null null null 26 null null null
TAnull 17 26 1null 21 12 1null 6 null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
Percent nullceiving This
Source of nullcome
Graduates Exiters
nullnull
null End of Program
Participation
nullnull
null End of Program
Participation
null % null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull Selected Sources of nullcome for FSS nulladuates and nulliters
nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull 2null null null 7null null null 27 null
Food Stamnullnullogram nullnenulls 17 null null 12 26 null 17 27
TAnull 6 1null 2 null 1null 2null 10 16
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists

27
have to be off nullnull null months before graduation from nullS. One scenario enullstsnullhonullvernullunder nullich the nullnullonth
renullirement does not apply. null the income of the family has risen so that their share of the rent is enullal to or enulleeds the
nullir nullrnullt Rent for the unit sinull for nullich they nullalifynullthen they are considered to have successfully completed the
program.
null
null this casenullthey are eligible to receive their escronullbalance as long as no household member is receiving
nullnull at the time of program completion.
FSS Program Goalsnullnullterim Milestonesnulland Case Manager nullsessments
nulle nenull three sections enullmine nullS program tracnullng study participantsnullenulleriences and provide comparisons across
the three groups of participantsnullraduatesnullother enulltersnulland the stillnullnrolled participants. nulle first section compares
the program goals set by the participantsnullthe achievement of interim milestonesnulland the case managersnullassessments of
program success for each of the three groups of participants. nulle second section enullmines the service needs at program
entry and the enullent to nullich these needs nullre fulfilled. nulle third section assesses the escronullaccumulation for each
group is enullmined.
Goals
null the start of the programnullnullS participants nullrnulld nullth their case managers to establish goals that nullll result in
employment. nullese goals are documented in the nullSP. Progress in achieving established goals is one indication that
a family nullll eventually meet the obligations of the nullS nullP and graduate. nullble null shonull the proportion of the
participants nulltill enrollednullgraduatesnulland enulltersnullfor each type of individual goal identified during the first year in nullS.
nullmpleting education nulls the most common goal for the stillnullnrolled participantsnullestablished for null percent of the
active participants. Obtaining employmentnullachieving homeonullershipnulland reducing debt nullre other commonly identi null
fied goals. nullr graduatesnullachieving homeonullership nulls the most commonly identified goal nullnullpercentnull follonulld by
completion of education nullnullpercentnull nullr other enulltersnullobtaining employment nullnullpercentnullnulls the most common goal
and achieving homeonullership nulls the second most common goal nullnullpercentnull
Type of
nullterim Goals
nulltive Participants Graduates Exiters
nullmnullr of
Participants
nullth This
Milestone nullnullnull
Share of
Stillnullnrolled
Participants
nullth This
Milestone
nullmnullr of
Graduates nullth
This Milestone
nullnullnull
Share of
Graduates
nullth This
Milestone
nullmnullr of
nullngraduates
nullth This
Milestone
nullnullnull
Share of
Exiters nullth
This Milestone
Tanulle nullnull nulldinulldual nullals nulltanullished in the First nullear of the FSS Program
Comnullete education null 6null 21 null 20 null
nulltain emnulloyment null null 20 null 2null null
nullher nullnullain a drinullrnulls licensenull
start a nullsinessnullimnullonull
creditnullonullain a real estate
licensenulletcnull
2null null 1null null 20 null
Achienull homeonullershinull 2null null 2null 61 21 null
Reduce denull 2null null 1null null 17 27
nulltain a nullnullnullth nulltter nullges 2null null null 20 1null 2null
nulltanullish credit 17 26 6 1null 1null 2null
nulltain a nullnullnullth nullnenulls 17 26 7 17 17 27
Comnullete training 1null 21 null 22 16 2null
nullit TAnull 1null 21 null 12 11 17
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullurcenullnullnull0nullchecnullist
null
See null nullR Part nullnullnullnull

28
Interim Milestones
nulle case manager and nullS participant also agree on interim milestones related to employmentnullhomeonullershipnulldebt re null
ductionnulleducationnulltrainingnulland enullting nullnull. nulllestones are to be completed each year to ensure progress in achieving
nullS goals. null each subsenullent yearnullcase managers reported the number of participants nullth each interim milestone and
the proportion nullo had accomplished the milestone for that year. nullble null shonull the attainment of interim milestones
in nullnull for the stillnullnrolled participants and for the last year of program participation for graduates and other enullters.
Of those stillnullnrolled participants in nullnullnullnull percent reported accomplishing their paynullaise milestonenulland null percent
reported attaining their milestone of moving to a higher paying or othernullse better nullb. nulllonullr share nullnullpercentnull
honullvernullattained their milestone of advancing in their nullb by moving to a better position. nullor more detailed information
on achievement of interim milestones for the null participantsnullby year of nullS participationnullsee nullpendinullnull nullable nullnull.
nullhigh proportion of graduates nulllose to null percent on most milestonesnullhad achieved their interim milestones by their
last year in nullS. nullnullr enullters report having interim milestonesnulland generally lonullr proportions report achievement of
their milestones.
Case Manager Assessment
nullch yearnullon the participant tracnullng checnullistsnullthe case managers nullrnullng nullth each of the families in the study
nullre asnulld to assess the prospects for completing the nullS program successfully. nullcording to nullS case managersnull
most participants still enrolled in the nullS program nullen tracnullng ended had good prospects of graduating nullable nullnull
nullrlier in the tracnullng periodnullhonullvernullthe case managers had a more favorable assessment of linullly success for these
participants. nullis less favorable assessment could renullct changes in their personal situations but could also be a result of
the recessionnullnullich reduced prospects for sustained employment for many nullS participants.
nullse manager assessment of the probability of program success for graduates improved over timenullnullth case managers
reporting very good or enullellent graduation prospects for null percent of the graduatesnullcompared nullth null percent at
the start of the program nullable nullnull nullr the stillnullnrolled participantsnullhonullvernullthe prospects nullrsened over time: null
percent had very good or enullellent prospects compared nullth null percent at program start. nullthough the share nullth poor
prospects increased over time for enulltersnullit is somenullat surprising thatnulleven in the last year of program participationnull
case managers thought that graduation prospects for null percent of the enullters nullre enullellent.
null the same timenullcase managers also said thatnullregardless of their progress in achieving their nullS goalsnulltheir employ null
ment historynullor their escronullaccount balancenullthe participants continue to face challenges. nullst case managers report
that lacnullof education and training is a manullr barrier to employmentnullas are family care obligationsnullincluding pregnancy.
Other frenullently cited barriers include lacnullof motivationnullillnessnulldisabilitynullstress and annullety issuesnulllacnullof reliable
transportationnulland being the sole caregiver for their children or other family members.

Milestone or Achievement
Active Participants Graduates Exiters
2009 In Last Year of Program Participation In Last Year of Program Participation
Numnullr nullth
nullis Interim
Milestone
Numnullr
Achieving
nullis Interim
Milestone
Percentage
Achieving
nullis Interim
Milestone
Numnullr nullth
nullis Interim
Milestone
Numnullr
Achieving
nullis Interim
Milestone
Percentage
Achieving
nullis Interim
Milestone
Numnullr nullth
nullis Interim
Milestone
Numnullr
Achieving
nullis Interim
Milestone
Percentage
Achieving
nullis Interim
Milestone
nullanulle nullnull Milestones Attained in 2009 or the Last Year of FSS Program Participation
Enroll in an education and training program? 32 1null null 12 3 2null 13 1 null
nullmplete an education and training program? 29 1null null null null null null 2 null
nulltain emplonullent? 30 22 null 10 9 90 9 null null
Monull to a higher panullng or othernullse nulltter nullnull 19 12 null 12 10 null 3 1 33
Meet a nullnullretention goal? 2null 1null null 1null 13 null null 3 null
Adnullnce in a nullnullnullromotion to a nenullpositionnull null 3 3null 10 9 90 1 1 100
nullceinull a panullraise? 1null 10 null 19 1null null 2 1 null
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency.
Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull
29
Prospects for Graduation
Active Participants Graduates Exiters
200null 2009 200null
Last Year of Program
Participation
200null
Last Year of Program
Participation
N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullanulle nullnull nullse Manager Assessment of Potential for FSS Program nullmpletion
Enullellent 1null 2null 20 30 12 3null 2null null 1null 2null 12 21
nullernullgood 22 3null 12 1null 1null null 9 23 10 19 null null
nullod 21 3null 1null 2null null 1null 3 null 1null 33 1null 2null
Fair 2 3 null 12 1 3 2 null 9 1null 13 23
Poor 0 0 null 12 1 3 0 0 2 null 1null 2null
Missing null null 0 null null null 2 null 9 null null null
nullotal null 100 null 100 null 100 null 100 null 100 null 100
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency.
Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull

30
Services nulleded and nullceived
nullis section discusses the services that families received during the tracnullng study. nulle first checnullistnullnullnullnullnull
completed near the time of enrollmentnullnullestioned nullS case managers nullat service needs had been identified for each
participant. Supportive service categories and definitions provided in HUD regulations
null
for nullS: childcarenulltransporta null
tionnulleducationnullemploymentnullpersonal nulllfarenullhousehold snulllls and managementnulland counseling. Personal nulllfare is
defined in the HUD regulations as substance and alcohol abuse treatment and counseling. Services in the nullducationnull
category include referrals to the public school systemsnullcommunity collegesnulland universities for adult education
programs in literacynullnullDnullbachelornull degrees in various disciplinesnullnullglish as a second languagenullnullitingnullbusiness
communication snulllls nullral and nullittennull and nullternet and computer snulllls. Referrals also are made to client support
and enhancement funds or scholarship funds to assist nullth college tuitionnullboonullnullchildcarenulland public transportation.
nullthernullservices offered by housing agencies through public and private partner agencies include healthnullmental healthnull
nutritionnulldietnullnullight controlnullsmonullng cessationnullchildrennull immuninulltionsnulland nullrnullhops in small business develop null
mentnullparentingnulllife snullllsnullhousehold snullllsnullcredit managementnullbudgetingnulland homeonullership.
nullble null shonull the proportion of nullS graduatesnullother enulltersnulland stillnullnrolled participants recorded as needing each
type of service nullen they entered the program. nullunselingnullemployment related servicesnulland education nullre the most
common service needs identified for nullS tracnullng group families in the studynull first year.
nullr the stillnullnrolled participantsnullcounselingnullemployment related servicesnulland education nullre the most commonly
cited service needs at every nullve. Over timenullservice receipt for the stillnullnrolled participants improved in all categories
nullable nullnull nullre than null percent of those nullth any service need had received the service by the second year of program
Type of
Service
nulltive Participants nullth a
Service nulled null nullnullnull
Graduates nullth a
Service nulled null nullnullnull
Exiters nullth a
Service nulled null nullnullnull
null % null % null %
Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds nullentinulld at Time of FSS Program nulltry
Counseling null 7null null null null 6null
nullucation null null 1null null null null
nullnulloyment null null 16 null null null
Household skills
and management
null null 1null null 16 2null
nullher 1null 2null 7 17 1null 2null
Personal nulllfare 1null 27 7 17 12 1null
Transnullrtation 10 1null null 10 null null
Childcare null 12 null 12 null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullnullnull0nullchecnullist
null
null nullR Part nullnullnullnull
Type of
Service
Participants in nullnull Participants in nullnull
nullth Service
nulleds
nullceiving
Service
nullceiving
Service
nullth Service
nulleds
nullceiving
Service
nullceiving
Service
null null % null null %
Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds and Sernullce Receinull at Time of FSS Program nulltry and in 200nullfor Actinull Particinullnts
Counseling null 22 null null null 7null
nullucation null 20 null null null null
nullnulloyment null 1null null null 27 null
Household skills
and management
null 1null null null 2null null
nullher 1null 7 null null null 100
Personal nulllfare 1null null null 10 null null
Transnullrtation 10 null null 16 1null null
Childcare null null 6null 1null 1null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullists

31
participation. null the fourth year of program participationnullin nullnullnullthis share nulls more than null percent for most service
categories. nullor more detailed information on service receipt compared nullth service needs for the null participantsnullby
year of nullS participationnullsee nullpendinullnull nullable nullnullnull
nullth the enulleption of transportation needsnullthe receipt of services also improved in all categories for graduates. null the
final year of the program more than null percent of graduates received the services they renullested nullable nullnull
nullth the enulleption of transportationnullelated service needsnulla greater share of enullters nullre receiving renullested services in
the last year of the program than at the program start nullable nullnull
Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds and Sernullce Receinull at Time of FSS Program nulltry and in 200nullfor nulladuates
Counseling null 1null null 2null 21 7null
nullucation 1null 10 67 1null 1null 6null
nullnulloyment 16 null null 21 16 76
Household skills
and management
1null 11 61 1null 1null null
nullher 7 2 2null 6 null 67
Personal nulllfare 7 null 71 2 2 100
Transnullrtation null null 7null null 2 null
Childcare null null 60 7 6 null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
Type of
Service
Participants in nullnull Participants in nullst nullear of Program
nullth Service
nulleds
nullceiving
Service
nullceiving
Service
nullth Service
nulleds
nullceiving
Service
nullceiving
Service
null null % null null %
Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds and Sernullce Receinull at Time of FSS Program nulltry and in 200nullfor nulliters
Counseling null 10 2null 2null 1null null
nullucation null 10 null 27 10 null
nullnulloyment null 10 2null null 1null null
Household skills
and management
16 7 null 12 7 null
nullher 1null 7 null null null null
Personal nulllfare 12 null null null null null
Transnullrtation null 0 0 2 0 0
Childcare null 1 20 2 1 null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
Type of
Service
Participants in nullnull Participants in nullst nullear of Program
nullth Service
nulleds
nullceiving
Service
nullceiving
Service
nullth Service
nulleds
nullceiving
Service
nullceiving
Service
null null % null null %
Escrow nullcount
One of the most important benefits of the nullS program is the opportunity to accrue money using the nullS escronull
account. nullst families receiving housing assistance pay null percent of their adnullsted income for rent and utilities. null
nullth all Hnull recipientsnullnullen the incomes of nullS participants risenulltheir rents increase. nulle escronullcredit is based on
increases in earned income and is deposited each month into an interestnullearing escronullaccount managed by the PHnull
Since the increase is enullal to the credit received in the escronullaccount the net change in rent is nullro if the participants
successfully complete the program. Upon program graduationnullthe escronullaccount balance is disbursed for use at the
graduatenull discretion. nullcording to nullS coordinators and case managersnullmost of the programs in the study do not nullep
records on honullnullS graduates use the escronullfunds. Despite this lacnullof datanullnullen asnulld to consider nullS participants
overall nullot nullst those in the tracnullng studynull case managers concluded that homeonullership is a common use for the
nullS escronullaccount. nullr the tracnullng study familiesnullcase managers said that some graduates used their escronullaccount
funds to defray the costs of education and training and some to pay off debts and improve their credit. Only four tracnullnull

32
Escrow Account—Program Graduates and Other Exiters
nullhe average escronull balance at the time of graduation nullas about nullnullnullnullnullnull. nullhis balance level is more than tnullice the average
escronullaccount balance for other enullters at the time they left the programnullnullnullnull.
null
nullpendinullnull nullable nullnull provides
a list of the positive escronullbalances reported by program graduates at the time of graduation. nulle accumulated funds
in the accounts represent a substantial boost to the assets of the program graduates and confirm the opportunity for
significant savings for participating families. nulle accumulated escronullsavings for graduates represent about null percent
of their total annual income at the time they nullined nullS. nullnual income at program entry nulls nullnullnullnullfor graduates.
nulle savings accumulated through the escronullfar enulleed nullat most families might have been able to save on their onull
had they not been part of the nullS program.
Escrow Account—Still-Enrolled Participants
nullst nullnullpercentnullof the null nullS participants nullo nullre still enrolled in nullS at the end of the study had positive escronull
balances nullable nullnull Only null participants in this group nullnullpercent of the stillnullnrolled participantsnulldid not have an
escronullbalance at the time of the final case manager intervienull null nullpendinullnull detailed information is provided about
the distribution of the escronullaccount balances for
the null participants nullth positive escronullbalances
nullen the study ended. nulle percentage of active
participants nullth an escronullaccount increased
during the most recent tracnullng yearsnulln nullnullnullnull
percent of active participants had a positive escronull
balancenullcompared nullth null percent of active nullS
participants in nullnull.
nulle participants nullth positive escronullaccounts sanullthe balances in the accounts gronullduring the tracnullng period. nulle
average escronullbalance rose from nullnull in the first year of the program to almost nullnullnull in nullnull nullable nullnull null additionnull
the number of participants nullth positive balances grenullfrom nullin the first year to null in nullnull.
null
null
nullS participants nullo enullt the program nullthout completing the nullP must forfeit the accrued escronull
null
nullr information gathered from the case manager intervienullnullsee nullpendinullnull
nullro Escrow nulllance Positive Escrow nullcount nulllance
Tanulle nullnull nullcronullAccount nulllance at the nulld of the Tracking
Period for the 66 Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts
nullnull10 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull
Anullrage nulllancenullnullnull16
Rangenullnullnull17nullnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullist and null0nullinternullew
null
Participants nullth a Positive Escrow nulllance
null %
nullverage Escrow nulllance for
Participants nullth a Positive nulllance
nulln nullnull dollarsnull
Tanulle nullnull nullcronullnulllance for FSS Tracking Study Particinullnts
nulladuates null null null nullnullnull
nullher enullters 6null null null nullnullnull
Stillnullnrolled nullrticinullnts 66 null null nullnull16
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null
ing study families purchased a home nullut not all case managers provided information about homeonullershipnull Of the
programsnullnull also allonullparticipants to tanull interim escronullaccount disbursements for limited purposesnullusually related
to things linull tuitionnullsupplies for schoolnullor car repairs.
Escrow Balance at End of Program Participation
nullble null shonull the average escronullaccount balance at the end of program participation for graduates and other enullters
and the lastnullnonull escronullaccount balance for the stillnullnrolled participants.

33
Patterns in Escrow Accumulation
nullcause the escronullbalance is established nullen a participantnull earned income increasesnullthose that are most linullly to
benefit are those nullo enter the nullS program nullth lonullearnings or that are unemployed and then enullerience increases in
earned income. Previous research has shonull that nullnull recipients reaching their nulllfare limits nullo are also voucher
holders often are able to accumulate escronullnullicnully in the nullS program as they go from a period of unemployment to
employment.
null
null additionnullnullnull participants have access to supportive services from local nullnull agencies in the areas
of educationnulltrainingnulland nullb development. nullis access to supportive servicesnullcoupled nullth the escronullaccountnullcan
help nullnull participants achieve selfnullufficiency.
null
Such participants can establish escronullsavings more nullicnully than a
participant nullo is employed nullen he or she begins nullS and nullose earnings and monthly rent increase more gradually
or by smaller amounts.
nullr stillnullnrolled nullS participants nullo had escronullbalances greater than nullnullnull in nullnullnullthis study enullmined their
employment status and income around the time they enrolled in the nullS program nullable nullnull nulle pattern in the table
suggests that nullS participants achieve substantial escronullbalances in three nullys: nullnullsome start nullth fullnullime nullrnulland
a relatively high income and their income continues to gronull nullnullsome nullre unemployed at program start and become
employednulland nullnullothers start nullth partnullime nullrnulland lonullincome and then enullerience substantial gains in income.
nullese situations are highlighted in nullble null.
null
nullcording to Sard nullnullnullnullthis is particularly true in states nullth earnings disregards in their nullnull programs. Sardnullnullrbara. nullnull. The Family
Self-Sufficiency Program—HUD’s Best Kept Secret for Promoting nullployment annullnullset nullonullhnull nullshingtonnullDnull nullnter on nulldget and Policy
Priorities.
null
nullcnullnullRobert nullnulland nulldrea Piesse. nullnull nullprilnull nullaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Programnullnulltrospectinull nullalysisnullnullnull to nullnull .
Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development by nullstat. nullshingtonnullDnull U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban DevelopmentnullOffice of Policy Development and Research.
Employment Status
nullnullnull
Total nullcome in nullnull
nulln nullnull dollarsnull
Change in Status
nullnullnull
Total nullcome
nullnullnull
Escrow
nulllance
Tanulle nullnull nullding nullcronullnulllancenullnull nullnulloyment Status and nullcome at Program Start for Actinull FSS
Particinullnts nullth nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater Than nullnull00
Full time null2nullnull null null1null1null nullnullnull
null0null1null null nullnullnull0 nullnull6null
null0nullnull null null0null00 nullnull6null
nullnull1null null null1nullnull nullnull00
null0nullnull null null2null72 nullnull22
null6null00 null null6nullnull nullnullnull
nullnullnull6 null null0nullnull nullnull2null
nullnull1null null nullnull010 null7nullnull
Part time null2nullnull nulles null1null00 nullnull6null
nullnull6null nulles null nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull null null2null22 null1nullnull
nullt emnulloyed nullnull00 nulles null1nullnull nullnull0null
nullnullnull nulles null1nullnull nullnullnull
nullnullnull nulles nullnullnull7 nullnullnullnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullnull0nullinternullew
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
Tanullle nullnullnull Changes in nullscronull Account nullalances for FSS Particinullants nullith Positinulle nullscronulls as of Senulltemnuller 200null
nulln 200nullnullllarsnull
Anullrage escronullaccount nulllance null66 nullnull nullnullnull nullnull6null
nullmnullr of nullonulle nullth nullsitinull escronullnulllances null null null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists

34
nullterim nullthdrawals
nullterim escronullaccount nullthdranullls are allonulld by regulationnullbut each nullS program has discretion over nullether or
not to allonullinterim nullthdranullls and in determining the conditions to allonullfor such nullthdranullls. nullamples of the
allonullble uses of interim disbursements established by programs are higher educationnullnullb trainingnullbusiness startup
enullensesnulland vehicle maintenance. Data for the null stillnullnrolled participants nullthout an escronullaccount as of nullnull
indicate that these participants had never had an escronullbalance at any point during the tracnullng period. null nulls not that
an escronullaccount had been established and depleted through interim nullthdranullls. nullr the enulltersnulldata nullre checnulld to
see if interim nullthdranullls nullre made close to the time of program enulltnulland this trend nulls also not found to be present.
Tanulle nullnull nullding nullcronullnulllancenullnull nullnulloyment Status and nullcome at FSS Program Start for nulladuates nullth
nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater Than nullnull00
Employment Status
nullnullnull
Total nullcome in nullnull
nulln nullnull dollarsnull
Change in Status
nullnullnull
Total nullcome
nullnullnull
Escrow
nulllance
Full time null6null1null null null1null6null nullnull67null
nullnull02null null null6nullnull nullnull1null
nullnullnull0 null null7nullnull null1nullnull
nullnull16null null null2nullnull null1null7null
nullnull061 null nullnullnull0 nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull null null0nullnull nullnullnull
nullnullnullnull null nullnull217 nullnullnull
Part time null0null67 nulles null1null2null nullnullnull0
nullt emnulloyed null1null6null nulles null6nullnull nullnull77
nullnull0null nulles null7null60 nullnull77
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullnull0nullinternullews
Tanulle nullnull nullding nullcronullnulllancenullnull nullnulloyment Status and nullcome at FSS Program Start for nullher nulliters
nullth nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater Than nullnull00
Employment Status
nullnullnull
Total nullcome in nullnull
nulln nullnull dollarsnull
Change in Status
nullnullnull
Total nullcome
nullnullnull
Escrow nulllance in nullst Case
Manager nullterview nullfore Exit
Full time nullnullnull2 nulles null2null00null nullnull0null
null7nullnull null null0nullnullnull nullnull22
nullnullnull0 nullssing nullnull nullnull0null
Part time null1null0null nulles nullnull2null nullnull66
nullnullnull1 nulles null6null62null nullnull1null
nullnullnull null null6null6nullnull nullnull62
nullt emnulloyed nullnull16 nulles nullnull2nullnull nullnull7null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nulleft program nullluntarily. nullAsnulld to leanull the program. nullnullorted out of the area.
nullurcenullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullcase manager internullews
Similarlynullfor graduates nullth escronullbalances greater than nullnullnull in the year of graduationnullthe study enullmined employ null
ment status and income around the time they enrolled in the nullS program and at graduation nullable nullnull nullst graduates
nullth high escronullbalances nullre employed full time at both program start and endnullalthough a couple of graduates did
go from being unemployed at the beginning of the program to fullnullime employment in their final year of program
participation.
nullhe study loonulled at employment and income at program start and end for enulliters nullith escronull balances greater than nullnullnullnullnullnull.
Of the enulliters seven had abovenullaverage escronull account balances nullnullable nullnullnull. Of these seven enullitersnull three left voluntarilynull
three nullre asnulld to leave the programnulland one used the portability features of the voucher program to leave the area.

35
Escrow nullcount Compared nullth Other Savings Programs
null put nullS escronullamounts for program graduates in contenullnullthe amounts in the escronullaccounts are compared them
nullth nulldividual Development nullcounts nullDnullnull nullnull are personal savings accounts that encourage participants to save
for specific purposes linull the purchase of a homenullbusiness onullershipnullor postnullecondary education. nullnull are intended
to promote asset accumulation and selfnullufficiency by providing account holders incentives to save. nullcount holders
receive matching funds nullen they manull permitted account nullthdranullls.
nullnull differ in important nullys from nullS escronullaccounts: they are funded through monthly participant deposits and
matching funds are provided only nullen an eligible nullthdranulll is made. On the other handnullthe nullS escronullaccount is
funded through an escronullcredit that is calculated by the housing agency as a participantnull earned income increasesnullbut
participants do not manull deposits to the nullS escronullaccount on their onull. nulle nullS escronullaccount provides a mecha null
nism for lonullincome families to accumulate savingsnullbut it functions primarily as an incentive to nullrnulland increase
earnings. nullother important difference betnullen the tnull programs is that the use of the nullS escronullaccount program
completion is not restrictednullas is the case for most matched nullnullnullthdranullls.
nullnullprograms typically renullire participants to complete tnull types of training before becoming eligible to receive a
matched account nullthdranulll: nullnullfinancial education or financial literacy trainingnulland nullnulladditional training specific to
the intended use of the funds nullor enullmplenullhomeonullership counselingnullentrepreneurial trainingnullor career counseling
for those using the nullnullto fund postnullecondary educationnull null the nullsets for nulldependence nullnullnullprogramnullthe largest
federally funded nullnullprogramnullgrantees had considerable latitude to design programs to meet local recipientnull needs.
null

nulll programs nullre renullired to establish a savings agreement plan and to provide financial literacynullbut the length of the
course and specific content could vary from program to program. Some nullnullprograms also provided nullnullparticipants
nullth case management and referrals to social services such as childcare assistancenulltransportation assistancenullor crisis
interventionnullbut the intensity of case management nulls found to vary substantially in a process analysis conducted of the
nullnullprogram.
null
Despite the differences in the tnull policy interventionsnullit is useful to consider the escronullsavings accumulated by
nullS program graduates in the contenull of the asset building enulleriences of nullnullaccount holders. nullnullyear longitudinal
study of nullnullnullnullparticipants in the nullnullprogram found that at the end of nullyears cumulative deposits in the accounts
averaged nullnull.
null
nullnullng into account average monthly earnings and the amount of matched and unmatched account
nullthdranulllsnullthe study calculated a net savings rate of nullnullpercent nullhis calculation counts matched and unmatched
nullthdranulllsnulland a nullnullgrossnullavings rate nullanullng account of unmatched nullthdranulllsnull nullerage annual income for the
nullnullparticipants nulls similarnullbut slightly lonullrnullthan for nullS graduates at program entry nullverage income for nullnull
participants nulls nullnullnullnullnullmanullng these tnull groups fairly comparable. nulle amount accumulated in the nullS escronull
account is substantially greater than the savings achieved through this nullnullprogram. On the other handnullthe longer term
assetnulluilding outcomes for families using the nullS escronullaccount are less certain than for nullnullparticipantsnullbecause
the nullS funds are unrestricted. nulle specific uses nullS graduates made of the escronullaccount are unnullonull. Unlinull the
nullnullprogram the escronullaccount does not provide an incentive to save.
Prospects for Completing FSS nullong the Stillnullnrolled Participants
Previously in this reportnullthe perceptions of nullS case managers nullre discussed concerning the linulllihood that the
stillnullnrolled participants nulluld graduate from nullS. nullis section considers employment enulleriencenullescronullaccount
balancesnulland household income of this group to assess the potential for the stillnullnrolled participants to eventually
complete the program.
null
nullformation in this section is tanulln from the nullsets for nulldependence nullaluation completed in nullnull. See nullllsnullnullegorynullet al. nullnull. nullsets for
nullnullpennullnce nulltnullnullpact StunullnullFinal nullport . nullshingtonnullDnull U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
null
nullllsnullet al. nullnullnull.
null
nullllsnullet al. nullnullnull.

36
null enullectednullthose in the steadily employed group are faring better than those nullo are mostly unemployed. nullble null
nullnull

shonull thatnullnot only does the steadily employed group have higher annual household incomes than the unemployed
groupnullthey also have greater increases in household income over time compared nullth those nullo are mostly unem null
ployed.
null
nullble null also shonull that those nullth positive escronullbalances have higher annual household incomes than
those nullth nullro escronullbalances. nullthin group yearnullonullear income gainsnullhonullvernullare small.
Mostly Employed Through the Tracking Period Mostly nullemployed Through the Tracking Period
Tanulle nullnull nullnulloyment nullnullriences and nullding nullcronullStatus
nullro escronullat
end of tracking
nullriod
null nullrticinullntsnull
This situation is rarenullnullth of these nullrticinullnts started
FSS nullth annual incomes much higher than the anullr null
age and nullre emnulloyed steadily throughout the tracking
nullriodnullnullth enullerienced declines in annual incomesnull
nullich enulllains nully no escronullfunds nullre accruednullCase
managers said nullth of these nullrticinullnts nullre enullellent
nullosnullcts for graduating from FSSnull
null nullrticinullntsnull
These nullrticinullnts nullre mostly unemnulloyed throughout
the tracking nullriod and had no escronullaccumulationnull
This grounulldoes not anullear to null nullrsuing education and
trainingnullnullich could enulllain this nulltternnull
Positinull escronull
at end of tracking
nullriod
null1 nullrticinullntsnull
These nullrticinullnts nullre emnulloyed during most of the
tracking nullriod and had steadily gronullng escronullnulll null
ancesnullCase managers said that more than onenullalf of this
grounullnullre enullellent or nullry good nullosnullcts for graduat null
ing from FSSnull
nullnullnullrticinullntsnull
These nullrticinullnts nullre mostly unemnulloyed throughout
the tracking nullriod and had lonullnullstagnant escronullnulll null
ancesnullCase managers said that nullof the 1nullnullonulle in this
grounull honullnullrnullnullre enullellent or nullry good nullosnullcts for
graduating from FSSnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews
Tanulle nullnull Anullrage Annual Household nullcome null nullnulloyment and nullcronullnullounull nulln 200nullnullllarsnull
nullstly emnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull null null0null61 null1null7null null2null0null nullnull0null
nullstly emnulloyednullnullro escronull 2 nullnullnull6 null2nullnull nullnull660 null7nullnull
nullstly unemnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull 1null nullnullnull0 nullnullnull2 null1null0null nullnullnull0
nullstly unemnulloyednullnullro escronull null null0nullnull nullnull60 nullnullnull nullnull1null
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
Tanulle nullnull Annual Household nullcome for nullnulloyment and nullcronullnullounull for Actinull FSS Particinullnts
nulln 200nullnullllarsnull
nullstly emnulloyed null null0nullnull null1null1null nullnull01null nullnullnull0
nullstly unemnulloyed 2null nullnull22null null2null77 nullnullnull null2null61
Positinull escronull null nullnull7null nullnullnullnull nullnull76null null1nullnull
nullro escronull 10 nullnull0null nullnullnullnull nullnullnullnull null0null2null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists
null
nullformation gathered from case manager intervienull are available in nullpendinullnull
null
nullr information on both case manager intervienull and Pnull datanullsee nullpendinullnull
null
nullr case manager intervienulldatanullsee nullpendinullnull
null distributed the null stillnullnrolled participants into the four categories nullee nullble nullnullbased on their employment
enulleriences in the tracnullng period and their escronullaccount balance at the end of the tracnullng period.
null also loonulld at the average household incomes across the escronulland employment categories. nullose nullth steady
employment and positive escronullbalancesnullas enullectednullhave higher annual household incomes nullable nullnull nulle tnull
participants nullo are mostly employed throughout the tracnullng period nullthout an escronullbalance have on average much
higher incomes than the other groups of participants. nulle mostly unemployed groups nullith both nullro and positive
escronull had lonullaverage incomes during the tracnullng period.
null

37
nullnullng into account escronull employmentnullannual incomesnulland case manager assessmentsnullit seems linullly that null of
the null stillnullnrolled participants nullhose in the steadily employed groupnullare nullll positioned to complete their nullP and
graduate from the nullS program nullthin their nullS contract timeframenullappronullmately nullyear. nullis group had lonullr
initial income than nullS graduates. nullile their annual incomes increased during the tracnullng periodnullthe percentage
increase nulls lonullr than for the graduates. nullis seems to indicate that those in the program longer than the graduates are
manullng slonullr progressnullbut many are manullng steady gains in employment and escronullbalances and in meeting nullS
goalsnullnullich may bode nullll for their eventual success.
null summarinullnulla higher proportion of nullS graduates nullre employed at the beginning of the tracnullng period than
enullters or the stillnullnrolled participants. null a consenullencenullgraduates started out in nullS nullth higher incomes than either
group. nulle stillnullnrolled participants had larger households and more dependents than graduates or other enullters. nullr
educational attainment they nullre more linull graduates. Staying employed and increasing their incomes helped graduates
accumulate average escronullbalances in enulless of nullnullnull. Other enulltersnullby contrastnulldid not accumulate as much escronull
and nullre linullly to leave the program earlier than graduates. nullre than onenullalf of the stillnullnrolled participants appear
to be on tracnullto graduate. nullapter nulluses multivariate regression analysis to enulllore participant and program character null
istics that appear to innullence the linulllihood of graduation rather than leaving nullthout success.

38
nullis chapter enullmines the relationship betnullen the graduation of nullS participants and their individual and program
characteristics. nullcompeting risnullhanullrd analysis nulls conducted to enullmine the association betnullen participant and
program characteristics and the time to graduationnullaccounting for program enullts and for the fact that final outcomes
nullre not observed for the stillnullnrolled participants. nulle study is not an enullerimental evaluation of nullS and is not
designed to assess the effects of nullS for program participants relative to a control group that does not receive nullS. null
a resultnullthis analysis cannot help us reach conclusions about nullat caused the outcomes for the families in the study.
nullverthelessnullan enullloratory analysis of the characteristics associated nullth graduation for these nullS participantsnullin a
multivariate framenullrnull provides initial ansnullrs to tnull nullestions:
null nullat participant characteristics nullocioeconomic and demographicnullat the time of program enrollment are associated
nullth nullS program graduationnull
null nullat program characteristicsnullsuch as caseload sinull or frenullency of meetings nullth the case managernullif changednull
could increase the linulllihood of nullS program graduationnull
nullapter nulldiscusses the hypothesinulld associations betnullen selected participant and program characteristics and nullS
program graduationnullpresent summary descriptive statistics for the selected enulllanatory variables in the regression
modelsnulland discusses the model methodology and findings.
nullnullnullpothesinulld Effects
nullo factors that innullence participant outcomes in nullS are the participantnull situation nullen they first nullin the program
and nullat the nullS program itself can offer that might put them on a positive path to graduation. Prior research has
enullmined the linnullbetnullen nullS graduation and characteristics of the participant and program. nullthony nullnullnull used
a multivariate logistic regression model to enullmine nullS graduation for a group of nullS participants in the Rocnullordnull
nulllinois nullS program. He found that adults betnullen null and null years of age at program enrollment nullre more linullly
to graduate than those less than null or more than null. He also found that participants nullo nullre single at program entry
nullre more linullly to graduate that those nullo nullre not. null additionnullacnullisition of nenullsnulllls nullile in the programnulla high
school diploma at program entrynulland higher income at program entry nullre also found to be significantly associated
nullth program graduation.
null
Race of the participantnullsnulllls at program startnullprior nullrnullenulleriencenulltime spent nullth the
casenullrnullrnulland length of time in the program nullre not found to be significant.
nulle analysis considered the follonullng participant characteristics: agenullgendernullracenullincomenullemployment statusnull
educationnullnumber of dependentsnullnullnull participation statusnulland the case managernull perception of barriers to program
success around the time of program enrollment. nullery yearnullas part of the participantnullracnullng checnullistnullthe case
manager nulls asnulld about the participantnull prospects for program graduation and for the case manager perception of
barriers the participant faced to completing the nullS program. nullese barriers included lacnullof motivationnullfailure to
nullep appointments nullth casenullrnullrnullfailure to meet interim milestonesnulllacnullof childcarenullcaregiver responsibilities
for family member nullth disabilitiesnullphysical or mental health disabilitiesnullsubstance abusenulldomestic violencenulllacnullof
transportationnullor lacnullof nullb snulllls or enullerience. nulle model only considered the most commonly reported barriers to
program completionnullas perceived by the case manager around the time of program start. nullese barriers nullre childcarenull
lacnullof transportationnulland lacnullof nullb snulllls or enullerience.
null
Other factors that affect graduation may enullstnullactors
null
nullthonynullnullrry. nullnull nulleptembernull nullamily Selfnullufficient Programs: null nullaluation of Program nullnefits and nullctors nullfecting Participantsnull
Successnull Urnulln nullfairs nullnullenull null nullnull nullnullnull
null
nullse managers nullre asnulld nullether each family in the tracnullng group faced a specific list of barriers to completing nullS and improving selfnull
sufficiency at enrollment and each subsenullent year. One barrier on the list nulls childcare. null did not collect details regarding the specific nature of
the childcare problems.

39
that these barrier data do not capture. nullr enullmplenullsome participantsnullalthough they are not employed at program startnull
might enullect their incomes to gronullin the future. nullis enullectation could be a motivating factornullboth for nullining the
program and for graduationnullbecause of the escronullbenefit derived from income gronullh. Highly motivated participants
are probably more linullly to stay nullth the program and eventually graduate.
Program characteristics that can be hypothesinulld to affect honullnullll participants fare are nullS caseload sinullnullfrenullency
of contact nullth of case managernullnullS program sinullnulland nullether the nullS program sinull nulls enullected to increase during
the year follonullng nullS coordinator intervienull. nullr frenullency of meetings nullth the case manager and nullether or not the
program nulls enullected to enullandnullcasenullanager data nulls used from the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienull. nulle average
caseload sinull of PHnullcase managers from the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienullnullnulls also used. nulle number of partici null
pants found in nullnull Pnull data determines nullS program sinull.
Participantnullevel characteristics that might be enullected to have a negative association nullth program graduation are
agenullgendernulland presence of dependents. Older participants might be less linullly to graduate because they might face
discrimination in the nullb marnullt. Older participants might have more years of nullb enullerience but may have also been
unemployed longer. nullmale participants might have childcare responsibilitiesnulland participants nullth more dependents
might have more family obligations than participants nullth fenullr dependents. nullis additional responsibility might limit
the time a participant has available to obtain nullb trainingnullgo bacnullto schoolnullor loonullfor a nullb. Problems nullth childcare
nullocating childcare or paying for childcarenull lacnullof transportationnulland lacnullof nullb snulllls or enullerience can also be
enullected to have a negative affect on program graduationnullbecause all these barriers restrict participant potential for
obtaining and retaining employment.
nulle hypothesinulld relationship betnullen income and employment at program enrollment to participant success is some null
nullat ambiguous. On the one handnullhigher income and employment might be an indicator of a participantnull capabilitiesnull
level of motivationnulland nullb snulllls. nullployed participants might do better than those nullo are not employed because
having held a nullb manulls it easier to find a better paying nullb. nullnverselynullthose nullthout a nullb at program entry might
have more time to attend education and training programs and derive a larger escronullbenefit from participation if they
become employed. High school completion and being on nullnull at program entry can be enullected to have a positive as null
sociation nullth program graduation. nullhigh school education might be the prerenullisite for certain nullbs. nullrnullng nullnull
participants have access to service netnullrnull and case management through local nulllfare agencies.
null
nulle relationship of program graduation to the sinull of the nullS program could go either nully. nulllarger program sinull could
mean less consistent case management and limited resources to go around. Larger programs may have more resources
and staffnullhonullvernulland may place greater importance on the program. nullseload sinull might be enullected to have a nega null
tive association nullth graduation. Larger caseloads might prevent case managers from giving participants the individual
time and attention they need. nullenullency of meetings nullth participants can be enullected to have a positive effect on
graduation. Regular meetings nullth the participant might indicate close follonullup on participant progress and timely
attention to participant needs through access or referrals to supportive services in the community.
nullble null summarinulls the participant and program level variables considered in the regressionsnulltheir specification and
source of datanulland the direction of the hypothesinulld relationship.
nullble null provides the descriptive statistics for the enulllanatory variables.
null
Of nullnullnullS tracnullng study participantsnullnull
nullre still enrolled in the nullS program at the end of the tracnullng period and nullnullleft the program during the tracnullng
null
Sardnullnullrbara. nullnull. The Family Self-Sufficiency Program—HUD’s Best Kept Secret for Promoting nullployment annullnullset nullonullh . nullshing null
tonnullDnull nullnter on nulldget and Policy Priorities.
null
Out of the nullnullparticipantsnullnullnullre missing data on years of schoolingnullracenullor number of dependents. nullese data nullre not collected in the
checnullist data and nullre missing in Pnull. null imputed the values for these missing variables nullth single stochastic imputation using the PROnullnull
command in Snull. nullis method utilinulls manullmum linulllihood estimation based on all available information to predict the missing value and then
adds a random perturbation to the predicted value.

40
nullarianulle nullarianulle Specinullation and nullta Source Expected nullrection of nulllationship
Tanulle nullnull Hynullthesinulld nullfects of FSS Particinullnt and Program Characteristics on nulladuation nullnullnullsuccessful
nullit null of 2null
Participant Characteristics
Age at enrollment nulln yearsnull Continuous nullrianulle
nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist
in nullAnull 06null
nullgativenull nullounger nullrticinullnts might hanull an easier time nullding
a nullnull nullder nullrticinullnts might hanull more nullrk enullerience nullt
could face more discrimination in the nullnullmarketnull
nullnder Femalenullale
1 nullFemale
0 nullnullle
nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist
in nullAnull 06null
nullgativenull Female nullrticinullnts tend to null single nullrents nullth
childcare resnullnsinulllitiesnullnullich might limit their time for training
or nullnullsearchnull
nullcome at enrollment
nulln null00snull
Continuous nullrianulle
nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist
in nullAnull 06null
nulldeterminatenull Particinullnts nullth higher incomes at nullogram
enrollment might do nulltter in FSS nullcause they hanull already
shonull some nullancial stanulllitynullnullt those nullth higher incomes
might also leanull the nullogram nullluntarily nullcause the nulltential
for sunulltantial gronullh in escronullis less for them than it is for
nullrticinullnts nullo onullain a nullnullafter enrolling in FSSnull
Receinullng some income
from TAnull at enrollment
nulldicator nullrianulle
1 nullReceinullng some TAnull income
0 nullnullt receinullng any TAnull income
nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist
in nullAnull 06null
Positivenull TAnull recinullents at nullogram enrollment might null
enullected to hanull sunulltantial incentinull to graduate nullcause
they hanull the nulltential to accumulate escronullnullickly as they
go to nullrknullAlsonullTAnull recinullents hanull access to social sernullce
netnullrks through the local nulllfare agencies and can also get
case management through these agenciesnull
nullnulloyed nullart time or full
timenullat enrollment
nullesnullo nullrianulle
1 nullnullnulloyed full time or nullrt time at
nullogram enrollment
0 nullnullemnulloyed
nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist
in nullAnull 06null
nulldeterminatenull Hanullng nullior nullrk enullerience may indicate nulltter
skills and greater nulltential to sustain emnulloyment in the future
and to increase earningsnullnull the other handnullnullrticinullnts nullo
are unemnulloyed at nullogram entry might derinull more nullnenull from
the escronulland might hanull more time anullilanulle for education and
training actinulltiesnull
High school graduate nullesnullo nullrianulle
1 nullnulladuated from high school or
has onullained a nullchelornulls or higher
degree nullomnulleted 12 or more years of
educationnull
0 nullnullss than 12 years of education
nullrom earliest anullilanulle Pnull record for
the nullrticinullntnull
Positivenull Particinullnts nullth nullnull or high school dinullomas hanull a
nulltter chance of nullding a nullnullthan those nullo hanull not comnulleted
high schoolnullParticinullnts nullo do not hanull a high school dinulloma
or nullnullmight need to get that nullstnullnullich can take time anully
from looking for a nullnull
Race nullesnullo nullrianulle
1 nullAfrican American
0 nullnullher racenullincluding nullitenullAsiannull
etcnull
nullrom earliest anullilanulle Pnull record for the
nullrticinullntnull
nulldeterminatenull
nullmnullr of denullndents Continuous nullrianulle
nullrom earliest anullilanulle Pnull record for the
nullrticinullntnull
nullgativenull Childcare resnullnsinulllities or hanullng to take care of an
elderly relatinull can limit the time anullilanulle for educationnulltrainingnull
and nullnullsearchnull
At time of enrollmentnullcase
manager renullrted nullrrier
to nullogram comnulletion
nullhildcarenulltransnullrtationnull
lack of nullnullskills or
enulleriencenull
Three nullesnullo nullrianulles nullor childcarenull
transnullrtationnulland lack of nullnullskills or
enulleriencenull
1 nullParticinullnt faces this nullrrier
0 nullCase manager internullenulldid not
identify nullrriers
nullrom Cnullinternullenull
nullgativenull Particinullnts facing nullrriers such as cost or anullilanulllity
of childcare or transnullrtationnullor lack of nullnullskillsnullare less likely
to graduate nullcause they nulluld hanull a harder time leanullng
nulllfare nullhan nullrticinullnts not facing these nullrriersnull looking for
a nullnull getting a nullnull maintaining a nullnull getting nullomoted in their
current nullnull or getting a raisenullnullck of access to childcare or
cost of childcare might also make it harder to stay in school and
comnullete an education nullogramnull

41
Program Characteristics
Anullrage caseload sinull
of case managers in the
nullogram
Continuous nullrianulle
nullrom FSS coordinator internullenull
conducted in 200null
nullgativenull Particinullnts might not get the nullrsonal attention they
need if the case manager is trying to accommodate the needs of
many other nullrticinullntsnull
FSS coordinator enullects
nullogram sinull to increase
during the nenull year
nullesnullo nullrianulle
1 nullProgram sinull is enullected to increase
0 nullProgram sinull is enullected to
decrease or stay the same
nullrom FSS coordinator internullenull
conducted in 200null
nulldeterminatenull nullnullnding on the anullilanulllity of resourcesnullthe
effect of this nullrianulle could go in either directionnullnull the one
handnullnullogram enullansion could indicate more staff and greater
emnullasis and focus on the nullogramnullnull couldnullhonullnullrnullalso
mean that the nullogram gets too nullg for current stafnullg and
nullrticinullnts do not get the indinulldual attention they neednull
nullet monthly nullth the
case manager
nullesnullo nullrianulle
1 nullnullet at least monthly
0 nullnullet less often nulluarterlynullannuallynull
as needednull
nullrom FSS coordinator internullenullnull
Positivenull This nullrianulle measures the intensity of case
management nullonullded to the nullogram nullrticinullntnullFrenullent
meetings might indicate close and regular contact nullth the case
managernullnullich could helnulladdress nullrticinullntsnullneeds in a
timely mannernullnull is nullssinullenullhonullnullrnullthat case managers meet
more often nullth nullrticinullnts nullo hanull greater neednull
FSS nullogram sinull Continuous nullrianulle
nullrom 2006 Pnull datanull
nulldeterminatenull Consistency of case management might null
greater in smaller nullogramsnullnullich could imnullonull chances of
graduationnullnull the other handnulllarger nullograms might hanull more
resources in terms or staff and fundingnull
nullarianulle nullarianulle Specinullation and nullta Source Expected nullrection of nulllationship
Tanulle nullnull Hynullthesinulld nullfects of FSS Particinullnt and Program Characteristics on nulladuation nullnullnullsuccessful
nullit null of 2null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullParticipants who hanull completed at least null years of schooling are classinulld as high school graduates.
null nulldependent nullarianulle
Graduates
null nullnullnull
Exiters
null nullnullnull
Still Enrolled
null nullnullnull
Mean Mean Mean
Tanulle nullnull nullscrinullinull Statistics for the nulldenullndent nullarianulles for the FSS Program nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the
Stillnullnrolled Particinullnts
1 Age at enrollment nullnull nullnull nullnull
2 nullnder nullemalenull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull
null nullcome at enrollment nulln null00snull nullnull602 nullnullnullnull null6nullnull
null Receinullng some income from TAnull at enrollment 1null6null 2null2null 2nullnull
null nullnulloyed nullart time or full timenullat enrollment nullnullnull 6nullnull 6null2null
6 High school graduate nullnullnull 61nullnull 7nullnull
7 African American nullnullnull 6nullnull nullnullnull
null nullmnullr of denullndents 2null 1null 2null
null Particinullnt faced childcare nullrriers 2nullnull 1nullnull 10nullnull
10 Particinullnt faced transnullrtation nullrriers nullnull null1null 7nullnull
11 Particinullnt lacked nullnullskills 12nullnull 11nullnull null1null
12 Anullrage case manager caseload sinull in the nullogram nullSS coordinator internullenull 102null 112null 12nullnull
1null FSS nullogram sinull is enullected to increase nullSS coordinator internullenull nullnullnull nullnullnull 66nullnull
1null nullet monthly nullSS coordinator internullenull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull
1null FSS nullogram sinull null6null nullnullnull null6null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullistnullcase manager internullewsnullPnull0nulldata
period. Of the nullnullparticipants nullo left the programnullnull graduatednulland null left nullthout completing their nullP. Of the
participants from nullnullnull null nullre not included in the analysis because nullnullnulldiscontinued nullS. One participant
nullo died during the tracnullng period nulls also dropped from the analysis. nullis chapter analynulls only nullnullparticipants.
nullr participantnullevel variablesnullnotable differences enullsted in income at enrollmentnullemploymentnulleducationnulland barriers
to childcare. nulladuates started the program nullth higher incomesnulla higher share nullre employed and graduated high
schoolnulland a lonullr share faced childcare barriers at the start of the program. On averagenullgraduates nullre in programs
nullth smaller caseload sinulls than enullters or stillnullnrolled participants.

42
nullnullMethodology of Competing nullsk nullnullrd nullalysis and Model nullsults
nullis section presents a competing risnullhanullrd model that enullmines the relationship betnullen the linulllihood nullnd speednull
of program graduation and various participant and program characteristics.
null
nullble null
null
presents the results for the competing risnullmodels:
ƒ Column (1): Bivariate Associationsnullnullhis column shonulls the results of nullnull regression modelsnull each modeling graduanull
tion as a function of a single participant or program characteristic. null addition to participant demographicsnullis the case
managernull perception of lacnullof childcarenulltransportationnulland nullb snulllls or enullerience as barriers to program success.
ƒ Column (2): Participant Characteristics Onlynullhis column shonull the results of a model nullth nullst the selected
participant characteristics that nullre either significant or nearly significant nullt the nullnullercent level of significancenullin
the bivariate models.
null
ƒ Column (3): Participant and Program Characteristicsnullhis column presents the results of a model nullth both the
selected participant characteristics from the model in nulllumn nullnulland the program characteristics.
null
nulle sinull of the
nullS program nulls enullluded in nullnull because this statistic nulls moderately correlated nullth caseload sinull.
null
nullis approach is a modified version of the nullnullproportional hanullrds regression model used for survival data. nulle competing risnull model also
allonull us to tracnullthe outcomes for all the participants in the tracnullng studynullincluding the stillnullnrolled participants. null use the competing risnull
hanullrd framenullrnullbecause null have tnull competing outcomesnullraduation and enullt. Stillnullnrolled participants are treated as censored because
null have not yet observed a final outcome for them. nulle estimates nullre generated using the SnullRRnull command in Stata. nullis fits a manullmum
linulllihoodnullcompetingnullisnull regression model follonullng the method of nullnenullnullnulland R. nullay. nullnull. null Proportional Hanullrds nulldel for the
Subdistribution of a nullmpeting Risnullnull Journal of the nullerican Statistical nullsociation null: nullnullnullnull
null
nullble null presents the nullvalue of the estimated coefficient. nulle coefficients are not presented in the table. nullr ease of interpretationnulla transforma null
tion of the coefficient is presented: nullvalue nullcoefficientnulltandard error.
null
nullne of characteristics nullre highly correlated nullth each other. nullrrelation coefficients nullre all less than or enullal to nullnull
null
nulle small sample sinull restricts the number of variables null can include in the model and still have sufficient degrees of freedom.
nullnull
nullvariate nullsociations
nullodeling One Explanatory
nullarianulle at a Timenull
nullnull
Participant
Characteristics Only
nullnull
Participant and
Program Characteristics
Snull nullvalue Snull nullvalue Snull nullvalue
Tanulle nullnull Sunullanullrd Ratios of the Coefnullient nulltimates in the Comnullting Risk nulldels
Age at enrollment 0nullnull null0null1 null null null null
nullnder nullemalenull 0null71 null1nullnull null null null null
nullcome at enrollment nulln null00snull 1null21 1null7 1null0null 0null0null 1null07 0nullnull
Receinullng some income from TAnull at enrollment 0nullnull null1nullnull null null null null
nullnulloyed nullart time or full timenullat enrollment 1nullnull 1null16 1nullnull 1nullnull 1null1null 0nullnull
High school graduate 2nullnullnull 1nullnull 1nullnullnull 1null6null 1null0null 1nullnull
African American 0nullnull null0nullnull null null null null
nullmnullr of denullndents 1null1null 0null1null null null null null
Particinullnt faced childcare nullrriers 0null07 null1null2 0null00 null1null6 0null0null null1nullnull
Particinullnt faced transnullrtation nullrriers 0nullnull null0null7 null null null null
Particinullnt lacked nullnullskills 1nullnull 0null0null null null null null
Anullrage case manager caseload sinull in the nullo null
gram nullSS coordinator internullenull
0nullnull null1nullnull null null 1null00 null0null7
FSS nullogram sinull is enullected to increase nullSS
coordinator internullenull
0nullnullnull null2null1 null null 0nullnull null1nullnull
nullet monthly nullSS coordinator internullenull 1null12 0nullnull null null 1nullnull 0null2null
FSS nullogram sinull 1null00 null0nullnull null null null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= subhanullrd ratio. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies.
nullnullp null0.0null null p null0.0null nullp null0.null
nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullistnullPnull0nulldata

43
null additional model nulls analynulld using nullst the three program characteristics nullnullluding nullS program sinull in nullnullnull
but these three characteristics nullre not individually or nullintly significant. One possible enulllanation for this lacnullof
significance is that these program level characteristics are somenullat correlated. nullother possible enulllanation is that
these characteristics do not vary enough across the null programs for us to detect a significant relationship betnullen these
characteristics and graduation. nulle small regression sample sinull could also be a factor.
nulle estimates of the regression coefficients are enullressed as subhanullrd ratios nullnullonentiated transformation of the
regression coefficientnullbecause these ratios are easier to interpret than the coefficients themselves. nullplanatory variables
nullith subhanullard ratio estimates larger than null.null imply a positive association nullith participant graduationnull tanulling into account
the competing risnullof program enullt. nullriables nullth subhanullrd ratio estimates less than nullnullimply that these variables
decrease the linulllihood of graduation controlling for other covariates in a multivariate regression model and because
people can also enullt the program. nullr enullmplenullthe subhanullrd ratio for the high school graduate variable in the bivariate
model is nullnull. nullis ratio indicates that the odds of nullS program graduation for a participant nullo nulls a high school
graduate close to program enrollment are tnullce as high as those for someone nullo nulls not. nulle subhanullrd ratio of nullnullnull
for the childcare barrier variable in the bivariate modelnullindicates that a participant nullth childcare barriers is nullnull.nullnull
about null percent less linullly to graduate than a participant nullo does not face childcare barriers at program start.
nullnullnullscussion of Findings
nulle bivariate regressions in nullich only one enulllanatory variable is included at a time indicate that high school gradu null
ation has a positive and significant association nullth program graduation. nullbivariate regressionnullnot controlling for
any other program or participant characteristicsnullalso shonull that programs that enullected to increase the sinull of their
nullS programs nullre less linullly to graduate participants. null program startnullother characteristics that nullre close to being
significant nullt the nullnullercent level of significancenullin the bivariate models nullre incomenullemploymentnulland case manager
reports of childcare barriers.
Having a high school education or enullivalent before program entry significantly improves the chances of program
graduation in a bivariate model. Participants nullth a high school diploma around the time of program enrollment are
tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diploma or enullivalent. null the model that controls
for other participant characteristicsnullthe coefficient on high school graduation is still significant at the nullnullercent level
nullodel in nulllumn null. nulle obvious enulllanation is that employment prospects are greater for those nullo have completed
high school. null additionnullcompleting a nullD after entering the program indicates a prolonged amount of time needed
to graduate from the programnullnullich also delays escronullaccumulation. nullis delay in education is because participants
nullre engaged in educational activities and either not nullrnullng or not nullrnullng fullnullime. nulle coefficient for high school
education isnullhonullvernullnot significant nullen program characteristics are also added nullodel in nulllumn null.
nulle coefficient for enullected increase in nullS program sinull is significant in the bivariate modelnullalthough it becomes less
so nullen other program characteristics are included nullossibly because it is somenullat correlated nullth caseload sinullnull
and is not significant nullen participant characteristics are also included. nulle significant coefficient in the bivariate
model indicates that programs thatnullaccording to the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienullnullnullre enullected to gronull nullre null
percent less linullly to graduate participants. null is possiblenullthat as nullS programs gronull the programs might face resource
constraints and participants might not get the personal attention and time they need to graduate.
nulle sinull and direction of the coefficients on childcare barriersnulleducationnulland enullected increase in nullS program sinull is
more or less steady across the modelsnullbut as other enulllanatory variables are addednullthe statistical ponullr is insufficient
to estimate the coefficients precisely.
nullis chapter provides a simple enullloratory analysis to discover linnull betnullen the participant and program level factors
measured in the study and the linulllihood of program graduation. nulle results are by no means definitivenullbut reveal
associations betnullen nullS participant and program characteristics and nullS program success that could be enulllored
through more rigorous methodologies.

44
Summary of Findings
null nullntrolling for other participant characteristicsnullparticipants nullth a high school diploma around the time of program
enrollment are about tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diploma.
null null a bivariate modelnullthose programs that enullected to increase the sinull of their nullS programs nullre less linullly to
graduate participants. nullis resultnullhonullvernulldoes not hold true nullen other program characteristics are added.

45
nullis study offers lessons about the program enulleriences and outcomes of a sample of participants in the nullmily Selfnull
Sufficiency program. nulle insights from this study may help inform program operations as programs consider their ap null
proaches to case management and refine strategies for addressing the needs of nullS participants. nulle study also provides
hypotheses about the effects of nullS that could be tested to guide policy decisions about the program. nullis chapter
highlights nully study conclusions regarding nullS escronullaccountsnulltracnullng group outcomesnullparticipant and program
characteristics associated nullth graduation from nullSnullreasons for leaving nullSnulland the effects of case management.
Escrow
nulle opportunity to build savings through the escronullaccount is possibly the most ponullrful part of the nullS program.
nulle study affirms that participants nullose earnings increase can accrue substantial savings through nullS.
nulle study compared escronullsavings for three groups: participants nullo completed the program renullirements and
graduated from nullS during the nullyear study periodnullthose nullo left nullS nullthout graduatingnullforfeiting any accumulated
escronulld fundsnulland participants nullo nullre still enrolled in nullS nullen the study ended. Program graduates accumulated
an average of nullnullnull in the escronullaccount during the nullyear study. nullis amount represents about null percent of the
average household income for this group in the year they entered nullSnullepresenting a substantial savings accumulation
in a relatively short period of time.
nullarly onenullalf nullnullpercentnullof the other enullters in the study had positive escronullbalances nullen they left the programnull
averaging nullnullnull. Of the enulltersnullnullhad abovenullverage escronullbalances nullen they left the programnullhe largest nulls
nullnullnull. nullst participants nullnullpercentnullnullo nullre still enrolled in nullS nullen the study ended had also built savings
through escronull nullese stillnullnrolled participants had an average of nullnullnull in the escronullaccount at the end of the study.
nullalysis of the employmentnullearningsnulland progress in achieving nullS goals for this group indicates that more than
onenullalf of these participants are on a path tonullrd continued gronullh in escronullfunds and eventual graduation from nullS.
FSS Outcomes
nullis study provides information on nullS attrition and the length of time participants typically spend in the program.
nullong the nullnullparticipants in this studynull
ƒ nullarly onenullourth nullnullpercentnullcompleted the program renullirements and graduated from nullSnulland four of them
purchased homes.
ƒ nullre than onenullhird nullnullpercentnullleft the program nullthout graduating.
ƒ nullarly tnullnullfths nullnullpercentnullremained enrolled in the nullS program.
nulle study also offers insight about honullprogram graduates differ from other enullters. nullmpared nullth other enulltersnull
graduates of the nullS program had higher incomes nullen they enrolled and nullre more linullly to be employednullboth at
enrollment and during their time in nullS. nulladuates also had more years of schooling and spent slightly longer in nullS
than other enullters.
null enullloratory multivariate analysis of graduation did not find any significant associations betnullen participant and
program characteristics and graduation nullen controlling for both types of characteristics. nulle analysis did revealnull
honullvernullthat in a model that included only participant characteristicsnullparticipants nullth a high school diploma around
the time of program enrollment are about tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diplomanullor
enullivalent. null a bivariate model that does not control for any other program and participant characteristicsnullnullS pro null
grams enullected to increase in sinulle nullere less linullely to graduate participants. nullhis resultnull honullevernull does not hold true nullhen
other participant and program characteristics are added to the model. null additional model nulls used that included all

46
three program characteristics but nullre not individually or nullintly significant. null addition to being somenullat correlatednull
these characteristics do not vary sufficiently across the null tracnullng study programs to detect a significant relationship
betnullen these characteristics and graduation.
nullasons for nullaving FSS
Of participants in the studynullnull percent left nullS before completing the nullP. nullout onenullalf nullnullparticipantsnullof the
participants nullo left nullre dropped from the program because they did not comply nullth nullS rules or lost their voucher
assistancenullmostly for reasons linull violating Hnull rules or failing to communicate nullth the nullS case manager. nullong
those nullo voluntarily left the programnullabout onenullhird nullnullparticipantsnullchose to leave because family and nullrnull
obligations made it difficult to sustain contact nullth the case manager. Other participants left nullS nullen they movednulland
one participant left the voucher program because her income increased nullen she got marriednullbefore completing the
nullS contract.
Understanding the reasons participants leave the program may offer opportunities for case managers to intervene to
nullep vulnerable participants in the program. nullr enullmplenullit may be possible to encourage participants nullo nulluld
othernullse leave because of nullrnulland family obligations to remain in the program and give them every opportunity to
tanull advantage of the escronull nulldifying renullirements for case manager meetingsnullscheduling meetings at times that
accommodate nullrnullschedulesnullor other approaches may be nullrth considering for these participants nullo nulluld benefit
greatly from staying in nullS.
Case Management
nulle study also helps increase understanding about nullS case management. null most programsnullnullS case managers are
PHnullstaff. nulley develop the nullSP and refer participants to providers to receive other supportive services. nulle case
managers also often provide homeonullership counseling and financial literacy training. nulltogether null case managers
nullrnulld nullth the participants in this study. nulle study highlights the stability of case management in nullS programs. nulle
case managers nullre enulleriencednullnullth an average of nullyears tenure nullth nullS. nullst participants nullnullpercentnullhad the
same case manager throughout the period of study. nulle average number of cases in a managernull caseload nulls null during
the studynullnullth some as lonullas null and others as high as nullnull nullse managers typically met nullth participants at least
nullarterlynullbut the frenullency of meetings declined as the number of cases per manager increased.
nulle study also helps us understand more about honullthe nullS program nullrnull. null assessment of nullS program case
management approaches did not reveal nullde variation in program models. nulle assessment did point to the stability of
nullS over timenullhonullvernulleven absent a mandate from HUD to maintain an nullS program.
null
nulle study also shonull that
nullS programs have some nullnullbility to respond to changing economic conditions. Some programs have shifted focus
anully from immediate employment for nullS participants to education and training as the first step in nullSnullin response to
nullrsening labor marnullt conditions.
null summationnullthis study suggests that nullS offers the potential for substantial savings accrual for those nullo complete
the program. Understanding honullprogram graduates differ from those nullo enulltnullmay suggest approaches that program
administrators can tanull to target nullS services more effectively and encourage participants to remain in the program
longer and accrue savings.
null
Only one agency in the tracnullng study discontinued operations during the evaluation time period.

47
nulle pronullct began in September nullnull. During the nullyears ending in December nullnullnullthe follonullng activities nullre
conducted.
ƒ Completed the research design phase of the study. nulle Research Design Report nulls completed in nullnull and con null
tains a list of the research nullestions to be raised through the evaluationnullthe sampling strategynulland the representative
sample of nullnullnullS programs. nulle Data nullllection and nullalysis Plan nulls submitted in nullnull. nullis report described all
of the data to be collected in the study and honullthe data nullll be used to address the research nullestions.
ƒ Developed data collection forms and protocols. null nullnullnullthe follonullng data collection instruments nullre developed:
nullnullan intervienullguide to be administered to nullS coordinators in the sample of nullnullPHnull nullnullan intervienullguide for
the annual discussions nullth case managers regarding nullS tracnullng group participants nullnullthe nullacnullng nullecnullist to
be completed by case managers for each participant being tracnulld nullnullan informed consent form for tracnullng group
participants and nullnulla nullestionnaire for the telephone intervienull nullth participants. Office of nullnagement and nulldget
nullnullnullclearance for the evaluation nulls approved in nullne nullnull.
ƒ Conducted interviews with FSS coordinators and reviewed FSS action plans for the nullnullPHnull. nullese intervienull
provided information about a nullde range of design and operational features of nullS programs in the sampled PHnull.
ƒ Selected 20 PHAs in which to conduct the tracking study. null late nullnullnullthe intensive study sites nullre selected
from among the null PHnull that completed nullS coordinator intervienull.
ƒ Provided training to FSS tracking site program liaisons. nullse managers nullre trained on participant enrollment
procedures and collecting information needed for the tracnullng study in December nullnull. nulle training focused on
procedures for obtaining informed consent of study participantsnullcompleting the nullacnullng nullecnullistnulland submitting
information to the research team.
ƒ Compiled the information collected from FSS coordinators into a database that allonull users to analynull program
design and operational features and submitted the database along nullth the nullrst nullnual Report in nullnuary nullnull.
ƒ Collected PIC data from HUD for FSS participants in the sample of 100 PHAs selected in Year 1 for FSS
coordinator interviews. nullom nullnull to nullnull every nullnenulla Pnull enullract nulls obtained from HUDnull administrative
data nullUD nullrm nullnullnull on all nullS participants in the sample of nullnullPHnull that nulls dranull initially for the study.
nulle data on all participants in nullS nulls enullmined for demographic characteristics nullncomenullhousehold sinullnulland
participation informationnullescronullaccountnulland program completion. nulldescriptive analysis nulls conducted of the
characteristics of the consenting nullS tracnullng group families in the null PHnull.
ƒ Data collection commenced in nullne nullnull. nulltnullen nullnull and nullnullnullduring the second nullarter of each yearnullthe
sites nullre mailed nullacnullng nullecnullists to collect information about each participating family and to tracnullchanges in
circumstances of families during the annual intervals betnullen the telephone intervienull nullth case managers. During
the fourth nullarter of each yearnullintervienull nullre conducted nullth nullS case managers assigned to the sample families in
the study to update the information collected via Pnull and the nullacnullng nullecnullists.
ƒ Conducted site visits to the nullntgomery nulluntynullnullryland nullS program in December nullnullnullOrange nullunty and
Riverside nulluntynullnulllifornia nullS programs in September nullnull and nullssoula nulluntynullnullntana in September nullnull.
ƒ Conducted telephone interviews nullth null families chosen from among those being tracnulldnullin nullnull and nullfamilies in
nullnull.
ƒ Submitted four interim reports on each yearnull progress in nullnuary nullnullnullDecember nullnullnullnullnullnulland nullnull and the
overall assessment in nulle nullnal Report of December nullnull.

48
Public and Indian Housing Information Center (PIC) system data nulls initially used to establish a database contain null
ing demographic informationnullhousehold characteristicsnulland enrollment information for nullamily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnull
families in nullnullpublic housing agencies selected nullth probability proportional to sinull of the Housing nulloice nulloucher
program. null later yearsnullPnull enullracts nullre used to provide information about the nullnullnullS tracnullng study program
participants nullnullprograms nullre selected initially and null remained in the studynull Pnull data nullre used in the study to
provide information on household compositionnullincomenullincome sourcesnullvoucher assistance and nullS addendum data
provided information on education attainmentnullservice needsnullenullt from nullSnulland escronullaccount balance.
Tracking checklists (WAVE) nullre completed annually by nullS case managers assigned to document nullnulltracnullng
group familiesnullprogress and outcomes. nulle first year checnullist collected information on service needsnullservices offered
and receivednullinterim goalsnullreferrals to outside servicenullescronullaccount balancenulloccupation and nullb historynullsources of
incomenullamount of earningsnulluse of income supports and assistancenulland barriers to participation. nulle checnullists used in
subsenullent years gathered additional information on employment statusnullgoal achievementnullcase dispositionnulland length
of time in nullS.
Case manager interviews (CM) nullre conducted annually nullth each case manager assigned to the nullnulltracnullng fami null
lies. nullese intervienull nullre done after the checnullists nullre received and revienulldnullto confirm and update information
about the familynull progress in nullSnulltheir outcomesnulland barriersnulletc. nulle intervienull also provided information on the
case managersnullbacnullroundnulllength of servicenullcaseload sinullnulland updates on nullS program operations nulloalsnullservices
providednulland enrolleesnull local economic conditionsnulland program challenges.
FSS coordinator interviews nullre conducted in nullnull nullth null nullS coordinators via telephone. nullcomplete documented
data set for these intervienull nulls provided to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in nullnull. nulle
intervienull provide information on nullS program goalsnullpoliciesnullservicesnulloperationsnullpartnershipsnullother nully charac null
teristics and the contenull in nullich the program operates particularly the communitynull service netnullrnullnulland local labor
marnullt conditions.
Participant interviews nullre conducted tnullce nullth a small number of tracnullng group families to gather information on
participantsnullprogressnullservices receivednullemployment enulleriences and attitudes tonullrd nullrnull plans for using escronull
and opinions about the program.
Site visits nullre conducted at four of the tracnullng sites. nulle purpose of the site visits nulls to learn more about the
challenges and opportunities facing nullS program staffnullrevienullprocedures and effective practicesnulland the methods that
services nullre provided to the target population.

49

nullnullMain Sites
null
Pnull
Code
Pnull nullme
FSS
Program
Sinull
nullnull
Program
Sinull
nullterviewed
nullcluded
in Tracking
Study
nullpendix Cnull Samnulled PHAs and Renullacement Sitesnullnullear 1 null of null
nullrtheast
1 CTnull1 Connecticut nullnullrtment of Social Sernullces nullnull null12null nulles null
2 null002 nullston Housing Authority 2null 10nullnull nulles null
null null01null nullestnullook Housing Authority null 7null nulles null
null nullnull1 nullnullHamnullhire Housing Finance Authority 16null null006 nulles null
null null0null nullglenullod Housing Authority 21 null7 nulles null
6 null20null nulloucester Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null
7 nullnull2 nullnullnullrsey nullnullrtment of Community Affairs null2 17null60 nulles null
null null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority 606 nullnullnull nulles nulles
null null027 nullnullgo Housing Authority 11 null0 nulles null
10 null077 Tonull of nulllinullHousing Authority 66 1nullnull null null
11 null110 nullnullnullork City nullnullrtment of Housing Presernulltion and
nullnulllonullent
1nullnull 1nullnull0 nulles null
12 null1null nullookhanulln nullnullrtment of HousingnullCommunity nullnulllonullent
and nulltergonullrnmental Affairs
null 7null nulles null
1null nullnull2 nullnullnullork State Housing Finance Agency null6 11null0null null null
1null nullnullnull nullnullnullork State Housing Finance Agency 1null1null 1nullnull0 null null
1null PA006 Allegheny County Housing Authority 112 nullnullnull nulles null
16 PA012 nullntgomery County Housing Authority 11null 2null71 null null
17 PA0null Altoona Housing Authority null null2 nulles null
1null Rnull0null nulloonsocket Housing Authority null null1 nulles null
nullest
1 Anull01 City of PhoeninullHousing nullnullrtment 161 nullnullnull nulles null
2 Anull0null nullriconull County Housing Authority 6null 1null7null nulles null
null CA001 San Francisco Housing Authority 1null 7null20 nulles null
null CA002 nulls Angeles County Housing Authority 71null 16null26 nulles null
null CA00null City of nulls Angeles Housing Authority 26null2null nullnullnull nulles null
6 CA006 City of Fresno Housing Authority nullnull 6null07 nulles nulles
7 CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority 21null 6nullnull nulles nulles
null CA01null San nullrnardino County Housing Authority 70null 7null07 null null
null CA02null Housing Authority of the County of San nullanullin 201 null6null nulles null
10 CA02null County of Fresno Housing Authority 66null nullnullnull nulles nulles
11 CA0null San nullse Housing Authority 17null nullnullnull nulles null
12 CA0null Housing Authority of the County of Santa Clara 26null nullnullnull nulles null
1null CA07null Housing Authority of the City of nullnullrmore 2null 71null nulles null
1null CA0null Area Housing Authority of nullentura County 1null 2nullnull nulles null
1null CA0null nullange County Housing Authority null7 null16null nulles nulles
16 CA10null Anaheim Housing Authority 220 nullnull1 nulles null
17 CA10null San nullego County Housing Authority 1null null1null nulles null
1null CA116 nulltional City Housing Authority 26 1nullnull nulles null
1null Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority null null7null nulles nulles
20 Cnullnull nullkenullod Housing Authority 6null 1null0null nulles null
21 Cnull11 Colorado nullnullsion of Housing 2null 1nullnull null null
22 null0null nullssoula Housing Authority null 71null nulles nulles
2null null002 City of nulls nullegas Housing Authority null1 null1null nulles null
2null null00null nullest nullalley Housing Authority 20 6null nulles null
2null null01null nullnnnullenton Housing Authority null 2null26 nulles null
26 null00null Housing Authority of the County of Salt nullke 1null 2null0null nulles null
27 nullA00null Housing Authority of the City of Tacoma 6null null266 nulles null
2null nullA0null Housing Authority of the City of Snullkane 2null nullnull7 nulles null

50
Midwest
1 null020 nulls nullines nullnicinulll Housing Authority 6null 2null2null nulles null
2 null126 nullstern nullnull Regional Housing Authority null 70null nulles null
null null022 Rockford Housing Authority 12null 1null0null nulles nulles
null null02null Housing Authority of Cook County 2null 11null00 nulles null
null null017 nulldiananulllis Housing Agency 77null 7nullnull null null
6 null0null nullrion Housing Authority null null1 nulles null
7 null00null nullchita Housing Authority 1null 2null21 nulles nulles
null nullnull1 nullchigan State Housing nullnulllonullent Authority nullnullnull 11null11 nulles null
null null0null StnullCloud Housing and Redenulllonullent Authority 11 770 nulles null
10 null16null nulltronulllitan Council Housing and Redenulllonullent Authority 226 null6null nulles null
11 null002 Housing Authority of nullnsas City 262 7null1null nulles null
12 null00null Stnullnulluis County Housing Authority 17null 6nullnull nulles null
1null null20null StnullFrancois County Punullic Housing Agency 70 1nullnull nulles null
1null null001 Columnulls nulltronulllitan Housing Authority null1 null1null null null
1null null00null Cuyahoga nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 226 11null07 null null
16 null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 1null nullnull6 nulles nulles
17 null021 Snullingnullld nulltronulllitan Housing Authority null 1null10 nulles null
1null null0null Hamilton County Punullic Housing nullnull 2null01 nulles null
South
1 Anull01 Housing Authority of nullrmingham nullstrict 2null null667 nulles nullesnull
2 AR00null Fort Smith Housing Authority 2null 1null77 nulles null
null AR1null nullite Rinullr Regional Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null
null Fnull0null nullaminullade Housing Authority nullnull 12nullnull nulles null
null Fnull07 Housing Authority of nullytona nullach null 6null nulles nullesnull
6 Fnull20 Housing Authority of nullenullrd County 2null 1null7null nulles null
7 Fnull66 Hialeah Housing Authority 1null null111 nulles nullesnull
null Fnull7null nullonullrd County Housing Authority null6 nullnullnull nulles null
null null001 Housing Authority of the City of Augustanullnullorgia 172 2null6null nulles nullesnull
10 null2null Housing Authority of nullkalnullCounty 1null null01null nulles null
11 nullnull1 nullorgia nullnullrtment of Community Affairs 7null 1null06null nulles null
12 null001 nullnullnullleans Housing Authority nullnull 6nullnull nulles null
1null null002 Housing Authority of nullltimore City nullnull 12nullnull nulles null
1null null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynull
nullryland
null0 null177 nulles nulles
1null null021 Stnullnullrynulls County Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null
16 nullnull1 nullryland nullnullrtment of Housing and Community
nullnulllonullent
2null 2null61 nulles null
17 null0null nullssissinulli Regional Housing Authority null 12null null2null null null
1null null00null Housing Authority of the City of Concord 2null nullnull nulles null
1null null022 nulleennulllle Housing Authority null 60null nulles null
20 null1null Sandhills Community Action Program nullcornullrated null nullnull nulles null
21 nullnull1 nulllahoma Housing Finance Agency null0 nullnullnull nulles null
22 SC002 Housing Authority of Columnulla null 2null0null null null
2null SC0null Charleston County Housing Redenulllonullent 1null 1null7null null null
2null Tnull01 Housing Authority of nullmnullis 1null nullnull2 null null
2null Tnull0null Tennessee Housing nullnulllonullent Agency 2null nullnullnull nulles null
26 Tnull0null Fort nullorth Housing Authority null1 nullnull0 null null
27 Tnull0null Houston Housing Authority 6null 1null7null nulles null
2null Tnull0null nullllas Housing Authority 1null2null 1null2null nulles null
2null Tnull12 nullytonull Housing Authority 2null 607 nulles null
null Tnull2null Plano Housing Authority null nullnull nulles null
null Tnullnull nullrland Housing Authority 1null 1null2null nulles null
null Tnull72 Amarillo Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null
null Tnull26 nullanulls nullalley Council of nullnullrnments 20null 1nullnull nulles nullesnull
null nullA00null Alenullndria Redenulllonullent and Housing Authority null 1null1null null null
null nullA017 Hamnullon Redenulllonullent and Housing Authority null 2null7null nulles null
null nullAnull1 nullirginia Housing nullnulllonullent Authority 2null nullnullnull nulles null
nullnullMain Sites
null
Pnull
Code
Pnull nullme
FSS
Program
Sinull
nullnull
Program
Sinull
nullterviewed
nullcluded
in Tracking
Study
nullpendix Cnull Samnulled PHAs and Renullacement Sitesnullnullear 1 null of null

51
null nullplacement Sites
null
Pnull
Code
Pnull nullme
FSS
Program
Sinull
nullnull
Program
Sinull
nullterviewed
nullcluded
in Tracking
Study
nullpendix Cnull Samnulled PHAs and Renullacement Sitesnullnullear 1 null of null
nullrtheast
1 CT001 nullidgenullrt Housing Authority 67 2null62 nulles null
2 null01null nulldford Housing Authority 12 null0 null null
null null0null nullaintree Housing Authority 20 null6 nulles null
null PA071 nullrks County Housing Authority 1null 6null nulles null
Midwest
1 null1null nullndall County Housing Authority 1null 160 null null
2 null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission null0 2nullnull nulles nulles
null null001 nullaha Housing Authority 1null null662 null null
null null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 70null 6nullnull nulles nulles
null null1null nullaukesha Housing Authority 10null 7null nulles null
South
1 Anullnull Housing Authority of nullcatur 120 700 nulles null
2 Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority 2null null6null nulles nulles
null Fnullnull City of Pensacola Section null null 2nullnull nulles null
null null121 Pike County Housing Authority 7null nullnull null null
null null1null Pinenullllenullell County Housing Authority null null7 null null
6 null01null nullfferson Parish Housing Authority 1null 2nullnull nulles null
7 null001 nulllmington Housing Authority 107 1null72 nulles nullesnull
null null002 nulllahoma City Housing Authority 7null nullnullnull null null
null Tnull0null nulltronulllitan nullnulllonullent and Housing Agency nullashnullllenull 1null nullnullnull null null
10 null00null Huntington nullest nullirginia Housing Authority null 1nullnull null null
nullest
1 CA007 Sacramento Housing and Redenulllonullent Agency 1null nullnullnull nulles null
2 CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority 6null 7nullnull nulles nulles
null CA0null County of nulltte Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null
null CA06null Fairnullld Housing Authority null nullnull nulles null
null CA06null nullng nullach Housing Authority nullnull nullnull2 nulles null
6 Hnull01 Hanullii Housing Authority and Community nullnulllonullent 1null null616 null null
7 null0null Santa Fe County Housing Authority 21 2null null null
null nullA0null Housing Authority of Snohomish County null 2null11 null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = Housing nulloice nullucher. PHA = public housing authority.
nullnullopped out.
nullurcesnull2002 Pnull datanullnullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment pronulles

52

Pnull Pnull nullme
nullear FSS
Program
nullgan
nullmnullr
of FSS
Participants
nullmnullr
of FSS
Coordinators
nullmnullr
of Case
Managers
Services nullvailanulle to
FSS Participants null
Either Pnull Staff or
nullferral to Outside
Service Providers
Services Provided
to FSS
Participants null
Pnull Staff
nullpendix null FSS Program Tenure and Sernullces nullferednullTracking Sites null of 2null
CA006null
CA02null
City of Fresno
Housing Authority
1nullnull 1null7null null 10 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counseling
nulls nullssesnullloans
for car renullirsnull
reimnullrsements
for nulloks and
tuitionnullhomenully null
ers assistancenulland
emnulloymentnullelated
nullrkshonull
CA011 County of Contra Costa
Housing Authority
1nullnull 1null 1 null Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome
onullershinullassistnull
ancenullother nullanull
assistancenull
Translation sernullces
CA027 Rinullrside County
Housing Authority
1nullnull 60null null 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
Reimnullrsement for
nulloksnulltuitionnulland
nullnulltrainingnullrenulllnull null
ing loan nullogram
CA0null nullange County
Housing Authority
1nullnull nullnull 2 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnullloymentnull nullersonal
nulllfarenullcounselingnull
homeonullershinull
assistance
nulls nullssesnullloans
for car renullirnull
reimnullrsement for
childcarenullnulloksnull
tuitionnulland clothing
for nullnullinternullenull
Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing
Authority
1nullnull 12null 2 1 Childcarenulleducationnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
Assistance to nulld
nullancial aid andnull
or scholarshinull
for educationnullnullnull
search and resume
nullenullrationnullnullrk null
shonullfor credit renullir
Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing
Authority
1nullnull 2null null 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
Assistance nullth nully null
ment tonullrd educa null
tionnullnullnulltrainingnull
and sunullortinull
sernullces
null022 Rockford Housing
Authority
1null2 1null 1 null Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
homeonullershinull
assistance
nulls nullsses and
transnullrtation to
nullnull life skillsnulland
comnullter classesnull
reimnullrsement for
nulloksnulltuitionnulland
uniformsnullnullnullclunullnull
nullnullsearchnulland
resume nullenullration
classesnullhomenully null
ers assistance

53
Pnull Pnull nullme
nullear FSS
Program
nullgan
nullmnullr
of FSS
Participants
nullmnullr
of FSS
Coordinators
nullmnullr
of Case
Managers
Services nullvailanulle to
FSS Participants null
Either Pnull Staff or
nullferral to Outside
Service Providers
Services Provided
to FSS
Participants null
Pnull Staff
nullpendix null FSS Program Tenure and Sernullces nullferednullTracking Sites null of 2null
null00null nullchita Housing
Authority
1null2 2null 2 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counseling
nullor nullinulls and
food to increase
nullrticinulltion in
nullrtnernullronullded
nullrkshonullnullcounsel null
ing in escronullcredit
and homenullyer
readiness
null00null Housing nullnullrtunities
Commission of
nullntgomery Countynull
nullryland
1nullnull null6 null null Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
nulls tokensnulldis null
count car loansnullnullnull
searchnullemnulloyment
nullrkshonullnullhouse null
hold skillsnulland
counseling sernullces
null07null nulland Ranullds
Housing
Commission
1null2 nullnull 2 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
Homeonullershinull
counseling
null0null nullssoula Housing
Authority
1null1 1null 1 2 Childcarenulleducationnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
nullnulloymentnullelated
sernullcesnullnullrkshonull
in assets for indenull
nullndence
null00null nullnullnullork City
Housing Authority
1nullnull null1 null null Childcarenulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfare
Household skills
sernullces
null00null Cincinnati
nulltronulllitan
Housing Authority
1null2 1null12 nullnull null Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
emnulloyment sernullcesnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
nullorkshonull on nutri null
tionnullresume nullenullr null
ationnullemnulloymentnull
and homeonullershinull
null007 Akron nulltronulllitan
Housing Authority
1nullnull 1null null 1 Childcarenulltransnullr null
tationnulleducationnull
nullrsonal nulllfarenull
counselingnullhome null
onullershinullassistance
nullssing
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= nullneral nulluinulllency nullploma. PHA = public housing authority.
nullurcesnullnullnullcoordinator internullewnullcase manager internullewsnullsite nullsits nullissoulanullnullntananullnullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnullange nulluntynullnulllifornianulland nullnullrside nulluntynull
nulllifornianull Pnull0nulldata

Pnull
nullde
Pnull Name PInullnull nullAnull0null PInullnull null0null nullAnull0null PInullnull null0null nullAnull0null PInullnull null0null PInull9 nullAnull09 null09
Appendix Enull FSS Participant nullunt null Site and nullta Sourcenull200null09 nullnull participantsnull
null00null nulltnullof Fresno nullusing Authoritnull 1 20 1null 20 20 19 20 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null
null011 nulluntnullof nullntra nullsta nullusing Authoritnull 3 null null null null null null null null null null 3 3
null02null nullnullrside nulluntnullnullusing Authoritnull 0 3 2 0 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
null09null nullange nulluntnullnullusing Authoritnull 13 20 19 20 20 19 20 19 20 19 19 1null 1null
null001 nullnnullr nullusing Authoritnull null 12 11 12 12 12 12 null 10 null 3 3 3
FL001 nullcnullonnulllle nullusing Authoritnull 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null null 1null null null null null
null022 nullcnullord nullusing Authoritnull null 11 11 11 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 null null
null00null nullchita nullusing Authoritnull 9 20 19 20 1null 19 20 11 1null 11 10 null null
Mnull0null nullusing nullportunities nullmmission of Montgomernull
nulluntnullnullMarnulland
19 20 1null 20 20 1null 20 12 1null 12 12 11 11
Mnullnull nulland nullpids nullusing nullmmission 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
Mnull33 Missoula nullusing Authoritnull null 9 null 9 null null 9 null null null null null null
null00null nullnullYornullnulltnullnullusing Authoritnull 1null 20 1null 1null 20 19 20 1null 1null 1null 1null 11 11
null00null nullncinnati Metropolitan nullusing Authoritnull 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 null null null null null null
null00null Anullon Metropolitan nullusing Authoritnull null 10 null 10 10 10 10 null 9 null null null null
nullotal 109 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 12null 1null 12null 119 9null 9null
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, nullnull8, and nullnull9 danullnullWAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnullnullnull06, null07, null08, and null09 innullrnullenull
54

55
FSS Enrollment nullte null null
Tanulle Fnull nullrollment nullte for FSS Study Particinullnts
nullfore 200null null null
nullnuarynullarch 200null 2 1
Anullilnullune 200null 1null null
nulllynullenullemnullr 200null null 22
nulltonullrnullecemnullr 200null null null
nullnuarynullarch 2006 null 1null
Anullilnullune 2006 null 2
Total 1null 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullnullanull0nullchecnullist
nullta Source null Mean Median
Tanulle Fnull nullcome for FSS Tracking nullounull
Pnull0null 10null nullnull2null nullnull1null
Pnull06 1null null6nullnull nullnullnullnull
Pnull07 17null nullnull0null null6null71
Pnull0null 1null null0null0null null0null1null
Pnull0null 11null null0null6null null6null67
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
Employment Status
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
null null null null null null null null
Tanulle Fnull nullnulloyment Status of Stillnullnrolled FSS ParticinullntsnullCase nullnager nullternullenull
Full time null null null null 2null null null null
Part time null 70 1null 20 1null 21 12 1null
nullt emnulloyed 16 null 22 null 2null null 2null null
nullssing 12 null 0 null 0 null 0 null
Total 66 100 66 100 66 100 66 100
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
Tanullle Fnullnull Changes in nullscronull Account nullalances for FSS Particinullants nullith Positinulle nullscronulls as of Senulltemnuller 200null
nulln 200nullnullllarsnull
Anullrage escronullaccount nulllance nullnull nullnull7null nullnullnull nullnull16
nullmnullr of nullonulle nullth nullsitinull escronullnulllances 26 null null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews
nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull
Tanullle Fnullnull Annual Household nullncome for nullmnullloyment and nullscronull nullrounulls for Actinulle FSS Particinullants nullin 200null nullollarsnull
nullstly emnulloyed null nullnullnullnull nullnullnull7 nullnull210
nullstly unemnulloyed 2null null1null7null nullnullnull6 null0null21
Escrow nulllance
nullro escronull 10 nullnull7null nullnullnull0 nullnullnull7
Positinull escronull null null0null1null null1nullnull null0null77
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews

56
Characteristic
Pnullnull null nullnullnull Pnullnull null nullnullnull Pnullnull null nullnullnull
null % null % null %
Tanulle Fnull Characteristics of Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts as of Senullemnullr 200null
nullusehold Sinull
1 2 null 2 null null null
2 12 21 16 2null 16 2null
nullnull null null null null null null
nullor more 12 21 1null 22 1null 2null
nullmnullr of nullears of Schooling Completed
nullss than 12 null 16 null 1null 11 17
12 2null null 26 null 2null null
1null1null 1null null 22 null 22 null
16null null null null 6 null null
nullssing null 7 null 6 null 6
nullmnullr of nullpendents
0 2 null 2 null null null
1 1null 26 1null 2null 16 2null
2 21 null 20 null 21 null
nullnull 16 2null 1null 2null 1null 2null
nullor more null 7 null null 6 null
Total Monthly Tenant Payment for nullnt
nullnullnull00 17 2null 17 26 20 null
null00null00 null null 2null null 20 null
null01null00 null 16 12 1null 12 1null
null01nullnull00 1 2 11 17 11 17
null1null01 1 2 1 2 2 null
Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter.
nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the Pnull enullract from Hnull. Household
sinull—nullt. nullears of schooling—null7hnullnull nullta on this nullriable are missing for null percent of the sample in the Pnull0nullenullract so that cell is left blannullin the table. nullmber
of nullpendents—nullnullTotal Tenant Payment—nullnull
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata
nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull
Tanulle Fnull Anullrage Annual Household nullcomenullnull nullnulloyment and nullcronullnullounull nulln 200nullnullllarsnull
nullstly emnulloyednullnullro escronull 2 nullnull02null null0null61 nullnull660
nullstly unemnulloyednullnullro escronull null nullnullnull nullnull2null nullnullnull
nullstly emnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull null nullnull76null null2nullnull nullnull212
nullstly unemnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull 1null nullnull12null nullnull7null null1null6null
nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews

57
nullmnullr of
nullears of
Schooling
Completed
Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
Mostly
Employed
Mostly
nullemployed
Mostly
Employed
Mostly
nullemployed
Mostly
Employed
Mostly
nullemployed
null % null % null % null % null % null %
Tanullle Fnullnull nullducation Status of nullostly nullmnullloyed nullrounull nullsnull the nullostly nullnemnullloyed nullrounull nullActinulle FSS Particinullantsnull
null2 years null 1null null 21 null 12 null 20 null 1null 6 2null
12 years 17 null 7 null 1null null 7 null 16 null 7 null
1null1nullyears 11 null 7 null 1null null null null 16 null 6 2null
16nullyears 2 6 1 null null 7 1 null null null 2 10
Total null 100 1null 100 null 100 20 100 null 100 21 100
nullssing 2 null 2 10 2 null 2 null 2 null 2 null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter.
nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the Pnull enullract from Hnull. nullployment status—
null7hnullnull nullars of schooling—null7hnullnull
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull07nullPnull0null and Pnull0nulldata
Percentile Escrow nullount in nullnull nullnull Percentile Escrow nullount in nullnullnullnull
Tanulle Fnullnull nullstrinulltion of nullcronullAmount for FSS Particinullnts nullth Positinull nullcronullnulllances as of
nulltonullr 200nullnull nullnullnull
nullnimum 1
10th 160
20th nullnull
nullth null7
nullth 1nullnull
nullth nullediannull 2null0null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullnull0nullinternullew
Type of income
Pnullnull nullnullnullnull Pnullnull nullnullnullnull Pnullnull nullnullnullnull Pnullnull nullnullnullnull
null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null %
Tanulle Fnull Sources of nullcome for Actinull FSS Particinullnts
nullrned income
nullmnulloymentnull
2null 6null null 6null null 66 null 67 null 6null null 67 null 6null null 62
Child sunullort 1null null 22 null 1null null 2null null null 0 22 null null 0 2null null
nullemnulloyment
insurance
2 6 null 6 null 7 null 6 null 0 null null null 0 null null
SSnull 2 6 null null null null 2 null null 6 null null 6 null null null
SSnull 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 null 0 0 2 null
SS Retirement 2 6 1 2 2 null 2 null null null 2 null null null 2 null
Prinullte Pension 2 6 1 2 2 null 1 2 1 2 2 null 1 2 1 2
nullher 1null null null 1null null null null null null null 7 11 null null null null
Other income Supports
TAnull nullsing null7hnullnull
1 null 17 26 16 2null 1null 21 1null 22 12 1null 11 17 6 null
TAnull nullsing nullnull null 11 null 0 1null 2null null 0 26 null null 0 20 null null 0
nullneral assistance
nullsing null7hnullnull
0 0 6 null null null 1 2 null null null 6 null null 1 2
nullneral assistance
nullsing nullnull
null 11 null 0 12 21 null 0 null 0 null 0 null 0 null 0
Food stamnullnullnenulls 2 6 null null null null null null null null 26 null null null null null
nulldicaidnullhildrennulls
health insurance
nullogram
2 6 2null null null 62 null null null null null null null null 2null null
nullTC 1 null 20 null 17 2null 2null null 2null null 27 null 2null null 2null null
nullTnull= nullrned nullcome Tanullnulledit. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnullnull = null.null. nullepartment of Housing and nullrban nullenullelopment. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing
nullnformation nullenter. null = nullcial nullcurity. nullnullnullnull = nullocial nullecurity nullisability nullnsurance. nullnullnull = nullupplemental nullecurity nullncome. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy
nullmilies .
nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the Pnull enullract from Hnull. nullrned
income nullmploymentnullnullb. nullild support—nullb. nullemployment nullsurance—nullb. nullnullnullb. nullnull—nulli. null nulltirement—nullb. Prinullte Pension—nullb. nullher —nullb.
TAnull nullcome Assistance—null7hnullnull nullb. nullneral Assistance—null7hnullnull nullb. nullod nullamps—null7hnullnull nulldicaidnullhildrennulls Health nullsurance Program—null7hnullnull
nullTnullnull7hnullnull
nullurcesnullnullAnull0null nullAnull07nullnullAnull0null and nullAnull0nullchecnullistsnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata
60th null2null
70th nullnullnull
nullth null7null
nullth nullnullnull
nullnullmum 17nullnull

nullnulle of nullrvice
nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice
Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice
Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice
Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice
Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
nullanulle nullnull Sernullce nullceipt nullmpared nullth Sernullce nulleds of Participantsnullnull Year of FSS Participation null nullnullnull
nullildcare null null null 12 12 100 1null 1null null 1null 13 93
nullransportation 10 null null 11 10 91 11 null null 1null 1null 9null
Education 3null 20 null 32 2null null 3null 32 null 3null 30 null
Emplonullent 33 1null null 2null 23 null 31 2null 90 32 2null null
Personal nulllfare 1null 9 null null null null 1null 13 93 10 null null
nullusehold snulllls and management 32 1null null 20 19 9null 2null 2null null 32 29 91
nullunseling null 22 null 3null 29 null 3null 2null null null 3null null
nullher 19 null 3null 2 2 100 null null null null null 100
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency.
Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull
Milestone or Achievement
nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
Numnullr
nullth
nullrvice Need
Numnullr
nullceiving
nullrvice
Percent
nullceiving
nullrvice
nullanulle null2null Attainment of nullterim Milestones
Enroll in an education and training program? 20 12 null 3null 1null null 32 1null null
nullmplete an education and training program? 10 9 90 2null 13 null 29 1null null
nulltain emplonullent? 1null 12 null 33 1null null 30 22 null
Monull to a higher panullng or othernullse nulltter nullnull null null null 23 11 null 19 12 null
Meet a nullnullretention goal? 20 1null null 2null 9 33 2null 1null null
Adnullnce in a nullnullnullromotion to a nenullpositionnull 2 2 100 null 3 3null null 3 3null
nullceinull a panullraise? 1null 10 null 19 11 null 1null 10 null
Sources: From nullnull-nullin WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnullnullnull08 and null09 innullrnullenull

nullro Escronull Positive Escronull
nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09 nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09
N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullanulle nullnull Potential for Program Success null Escronullnulloupnullnullse Manager Perception
Enullellent 2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 1null 2null 9 1null 1null 2null 1null 32
nullernullgood 3 30 3 30 3 30 2 20 19 3null 1null 29 13 23 10 1null
nullod 3 30 2 20 1 10 2 20 1null 32 21 3null 1null 30 1null 29
Fair 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 2 null 1null null 9 null 13
Poor 0 0 2 20 3 30 3 30 0 0 2 null null 11 null 9
Missing 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 null null 0 0 1 2 0 0
Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull
58

59
null
Escrow
nulllance
null
Escrow
nulllance
null
Escrow
nulllance
null
Escrow
nulllance
null
Escrow
nulllance
Tanulle Fnullnull Positinull nullcronullnulllance for FSS nulladuates nulln 200nullnullllarsnull
1 nullnull
2 nullnull
null nullnull
null nullnull
null null1null
6 nullnull
7 null2null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency.
nullurcenullnull0nullinternullew
null null62
null nullnullnull
10 nullnullnull
11 nullnullnull
12 nullnull2null
1null nullnull0null
1null nullnull12
1null nullnull7null
16 nullnull1null
17 nullnull16
1null nullnull11
1null nullnull71
20 nullnullnull
21 nullnull2null
22 nullnull77
2null nullnullnull
2null nullnull1null
2null nullnullnull
26 nullnullnull
27 nullnull77
2null null1null20
2null null1null7null
null null1nullnull
null nullnull2null
null nullnullnull0
null nullnull1null
null nullnullnullnull
null null0nullnull

60

nullis appendinulltabulates information from the Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter nullnullnullsystem for the nullnull
sites that comprised the representative sample and the null tracnullng study sites. nullthough only null sites nullre included
in the final reportnullthese data are presented for the full null. nullbles labeled nullnullare for the representative sample. nullbles
labeled nullnullare for the tracnullng study. nulle data tabulated in each table correspond to nulluestion numbers in the HUDnullnullnullnullnullnull
and variable names in the nullune nullnullnullnull Pnullnull enulltract from HUD.
Pnullnull
nullverage
Pnullnull
nullverage
Pnullnull
nullverage
Pnullnull
nullverage
Tanulle Gnullnull nullmogranullic Characteristics of FSS ParticinullntsnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs
Age null years nullnull years nullnull nullnull
Household sinull nullnull nullnull null2 null2
nullmnullr of children 2 2 2 2
nullnual nullcome null % null % null % null %
nullnull000 null761 16 null1null 1null nullnull0 1null null01null 1null
nullnull00null10null00 6null1null 2null 6null26 22 6nullnull 21 nullnullnull 20
null0null01null20null00 nullnullnull null nullnull7 null nullnullnull null null7null null
null0null01nullnullnull00 nullnull6 1null nullnull0 20 nullnullnull 1null 6null6null 21
nullnullnull0 2nullnull null 2null7null 10 nullnullnull 1null null772 1null
Total 2nullnull6 100 26nullnull 100 2null7null 100 2nullnullnull 100
Anullrage annual income nullnull67null nullnullnull0 null6nullnull null6nullnull
Employment Status null % null % null % null %
Full time null71null null nullnull0 null 6nullnull null null627 null
Part time null2null 17 nullnull1 17 nullnullnull 22 nullnullnull 21
nullt emnulloyed 10null2null null nullnull1 null nullnull1 null null2null null
Total 2null62null 100 22nullnull 100 20nullnull 100 2nullnull6 100
nullssing nullnullnull null1null null700 null6null
Education nullears of schoolingnull null % null % null % null %
nullss than high school null12 yearsnull 10nullnull null 10nullnull null 11null1null null 12nullnull null
High school graduate null2 yearsnull 10nullnull null nullnull0 null 6nullnull 2null nullnullnull null
Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull null27null 16 null7null 1null null106 1null nullnull2 1null
College graduate null6nullyearsnull 627 2 nullnull 2 nullnull 2 6null 2
Total 26null0null 100 2null76null 100 21null0null 100 26nullnull 100
nullssing 2null6null 2null77 2null0null 2nullnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nulltesnullAge—nullf. Household sinull—nullt. nullmber of children—nullnull Annual income—nulli. nullployment status—null7hnull nullucation—null7hnull

61
Pnullnull
nullverage
Pnullnull
nullverage
Pnullnull
nullverage
Pnullnull
nullverage
Tanulle Gnullnull nullmogranullic Characteristics of FSS ParticinullntsnullTracking Site PHAs
Age nulln yearsnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
Household sinull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
nullmnullr of children 2null 2null 2null 2null
nullnual nullcome null % null % null % null %
nullnull000 null761 16 null1null 1null nullnull0 1null null01null 1null
nullnull00null10null00 6null1null 2null 6null26 22 6nullnull 21 nullnullnull 20
null0null01null20null00 nullnullnull null nullnull7 null nullnullnull null null7null null
null0null01nullnullnull00 nullnull6 1null nullnull0 20 nullnullnull 1null 6null6null 21
nullnullnull00 2nullnull null 2null7null 10 nullnullnull 1null null772 1null
Total 2nullnull6 100 26nullnull 100 2null7null 100 2nullnullnull 100
Anullrage annual income nullnullnullnull nullnull10null nullnullnullnull null6nullnull
Employment Status null % null % null % null %
Full time nullnullnull null 2null00 null 2nullnull null 2nullnull null
Part time 2nullnull 22 1null02 1null 1nullnull 20 1null26 1null
nullt emnulloyed nullnull0 null 2nullnull null 2null02 null 2nullnull null
Total 10null0null 100 null2null 100 nullnull2 100 nullnull0 100
nullssing 6null 1nullnull 1null17 1null07
Education nullears of schoolingnull null % null % null % null %
nullss than high school null12 yearsnull nullnull0 null 2null27 null 2nullnull null null0null null
High school graduate null2 yearsnull null6null null 2null17 null 2nullnull null 2nullnull null
Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull 2nullnull 20 nullnull 1null null2 1null null6 1null
College graduate null6nullyearsnull null6 null 17null null 1null null 1null null
Total 10nullnull 100 6nullnull 100 6nullnull 100 6null67 100
nullssing 0 7null null2 null0
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nulltesnullAge—nullf. Household sinull—nullt. nullmber of children—nullnull Annual income—nulli. nullployment status—null7hnull nullucation—null7hnull
nullport Type Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
nullport Type Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnts null Renullrt TynullnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs
Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnts null Renullrt TynullnullTracking Site PHAs
nullrollment nullnullnull null07null null066 null7null
Progress 1null1null 1null1null 16null62 1null00null
nullit null1null nullnullnull nullnullnull 6nullnull
Contract comnulleted 7null 1nullnull 1null6null 1null0null
Contract not comnulleted 2nullnull null2null null02null null72null
null FSS addendum 2nullnull 2nullnull 2null06 2nullnull
Total 2nullnull6 26nullnull 2nullnull2 2nullnullnull
nullrollment null7 null1 1nullnull nullnull
Progress null6null null66null nullnullnull null7null
nullit 1nullnull 1nullnull 1nullnull 1null2null
Contract comnulleted nullnull null6 nullnull null7
Contract not comnulleted 2null 1null01 1nullnull 1null76
null FSS addendum 0 7null null2 null0
Total 10nullnull 6nullnull 6nullnull 6null27
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nulltesnullProgram enullt—null7b. nullntract completednullot completed—null7mnull
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nulltesnullProgram enullt—null7b. nullntract completednullot completed—null7mnull

62
nullason for Program Exit
Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
null % null % null % null %
nullason for Program Exit
Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
null % null % null % null %
Tanulle Gnullnull Reasons for FSS Program nullitnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs
Tanulle Gnullnull Reasons for FSS Program nullitnullTracking Site PHAs
nulladuation nullomnulletion of Cnullnull 7null 26 1nullnull 2null 1null6null 2null 1null0null 2null
nullnulld to homeonullershinull 1null 2null
a
2null 20
a
26null 17
a
2null 1null
a
nullit nullthout comnulleting Cnull 2nullnull 7null
null
null2null 72
null
null02null 72
null
null72null 72
null
Anulleft nullluntarily 71null 2null nullnull 1null nullnull 1null nullnull 1null
nullasked to leanull nullnull 2null 1nullnull 2null 1null2null null 1null7null 2null
Cnullortanulllity monull out 66 2 12null null 1null null 1null 2
nullleft nullcause sernullce nulls unanullilanulle null null null 1 null 1 null 1
nullcontract enullired nullt did not fulnulll
onulligation
nullnull 1null 1nullnull 2null 1nullnull 2null 1nullnull 2null
Total numnullr of exit reports null1null 100 nullnullnull 100 nullnullnull 100 6nullnull 100
nulladuation nullomnulletion of Cnullnull 2null 2null
null
null6 2null
null
nullnull 2null
null
null7 2null
null
nullnulld to homeonullershinull 6null 22
a
7null 22
a
70 17
a
72 1null
a
nullit nullthout comnulleting Cnull nullnull 7null
null
1null01 76
null
1nullnull 7null
null
1null76 7null
null
A nulleft nullluntarily 2null 26 nullnull 22 267 16 null2 17
nullnullsked to leanull nullnull null null2 26 nullnull null 661 null
C nullortanulllity monull out null 1 null 1 17 1 2null 1
nullnulleft nullcause sernullce nulls unanullilanulle 17 2 1null 1 20 1 1null 1
nullnullontract enullired nullt did not fulnulll
onulligation
1null 17 nullnull 26 null1 21 null0 20
Total numnullr of exit reports 1nullnull 100 1nullnull 100 1nullnull 100 1null2null 100
nullP = contract of participation. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. PHA = public housing authority. Pnull = Public
and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter.
a
Percent of graduates.
b
Percent of enullt reports.
nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the nullne 200nullPnull enullract from Hnull.
Program enullt—null7b. nullnulld to homeownership—null7m2. nullason for leanullng—null7mnull
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata
nullP = contract of participation. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. PHA = public housing authority. Pnull = Public
and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter.
a
Percent of graduates.
b
Percent of enullt reports.
nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the nullne 200nullPnull enullract from Hnull.
Program enullt—null7b. nullnulld to homeownership—null7m2. nullason for leanullng—null7mnull
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata

63
Pnullnull Pnullnull
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null %
Pnullnull Pnullnull
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null %
Pnullnull Pnullnull
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null %
Pnullnull Pnullnull
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
Full Time Part Time
nullt
Employed
Status nullt
nullported
null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null %
Tanulle Gnullnull Renullrted nullnulloyment Status of FSS ParticinullntsnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs
Tanulle Gnullnull Renullrted nullnulloyment Status of FSS ParticinullntsnullTracking Site PHAs
nullnullenrollee 1nullnull null null1 11 2null6null null 1 null 1null0null null 6null 1null 2nullnull null 1 null
Progress 6nullnull null null62null 20 7nullnull null 2 null 6nullnull null 2nullnull 1null nullnull6 null 0 null
nullitnullontract
comnulleted
607 76 null 11 null 11 16 2 null7 6null 1null 1null 1null 16 2 null
nullitnullontract not
comnulleted
2null 12 117 null null6 20 1nullnull 62 2null null 1null null 770 2null 2null7null 6null

nullnullenrollee 1nullnull null nullnull 17 2null10 null 0 0 1nullnull null nullnull 20 2nullnull null 0 0
Progress 6nullnull null nullnull7 21 nullnullnull null 0 0 6null7null null nullnullnull null nullnull0 22 0 0
nullitnullontract
comnulleted
1null1null 6null 27null 17 276 1null 2 null 1nullnull 6null null6 20 nullnull 17 1 null
nullitnullontract not
comnulleted
nullnull null 11null null null6 21 2nullnull 67 7null 16 2null 6 1null6null 2null 2null1 null
nullnullenrollee null1 null 1null 17 null0 null null 0 nullnull null 162 1null nullnull null null 0
Progress 1null7null null null2 22 1nullnull null null 0 1nullnull null nullnull 22 1nullnull null null 0
nullitnullontract
comnulleted
nullnull 7null null 11 null 10 null 0 nullnull 77 null 1null null 11 null 0
nullitnullontract not
comnulleted
null null 2null 2 2null 20 nullnull 7null 1null 11 null 6 null7 null 6null null
null FSS addendum null 0 null 0 null 0 null2 null null 0 null 0 null 0 null0 null
nullnullenrollee 2null null 20null 21 nullnull null 0 0 270 2null 1null 16 nullnull null null 0
Progress 2null2null null 1null2null 22 nullnullnull null 0 0 1null06 null 7null 21 1null76 null null 0
nullitnullontract
comnulleted
2null 2null null null 1null 2 null6 67 2null null null 12 2null 7 null 0
nullitnullontract not
comnulleted
null 17 6null 22 null null null null null null null null 267 2null 7null 6null
null FSS addendum null null null null null null null null null 0 null 0 null 0 7null null
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata

64
nullnual nullcome
Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median
nullnual nullcome
Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull
null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median
Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnt nullcomenullRenullesentatinull Samnulle
Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnt nullcomenullTracking Site PHAs
At nullogram entry nullnullnull nullnull107 null1nullnull null07null nullnull7null null2null1null null066 nullnull0null null2nullnull null7null nullnullnull7 nullnull1null
Progress renullrt 1null1null nullnull726 null2null1null 1null1null nullnullnull2 nullnull2null 16null62 null7null12 nullnullnull2 1null00null null7nullnull nullnullnull0
Program enulltnullcontract
not comnulleted
2nullnull null2nullnull nullnull20 null2null nullnullnull6 null1null1null null02null nullnull7null null1null0null null72null nullnull6null null2null0null
Program enulltnullcontract
comnulleted
7null nullnullnullnull null2null1null 1nullnull nullnull2null null2null70 1null6null nullnull26null null1nullnull 1null0null nullnull2null nullnullnull2
At nullogram entry null7 nullnull7null null2nullnull null1 nullnull200 null1null0null 10null nullnullnullnull null1null16 nullnull nullnullnull6 null1null2null
Progress renullrt null6null nullnullnullnull nullnullnull2 null66null null6nullnull nullnullnull0 nullnullnull null7null2null nullnullnullnull null7null null7nullnull nullnull0null
Program enulltnullcontract not
comnulleted
nullnull nullnull10null null0null70 1null01 null2null72 null1null76 1nullnull nullnullnull0 null0nullnull 1null76 nullnullnull0 null1nullnull
Program enulltnullcontract
comnulleted
2null nullnullnullnull nullnull07null null6 nullnullnull1 nullnullnullnull nullnull nullnullnullnull nullnull262 null7 nullnullnull7 nullnullnull0
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nulltenullAnnual income—nulli.
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata
nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority.
nulltenullAnnual income—nulli.
nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull
PInullnull PInullnull
At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit
N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullent and nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullpresentatinull Sample null of 2null
nullAnull income assistance null9 13 3null30 20 1null null 90null 1null 2nullnull 1null null3 10
Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance
Program
1null92 39 nullnull0 null nullnull 1null 1nullnull 39 nullnullnull null 1nullnull 2null
nullneral assistance 2null null null3 null 12null null 3null null null1 null 122 3
Earned income tanullcredit null1 12 2null1null 1null 3null 11 null9 10 2nullnull 1null null1 9
Food stamps 1null3null null null2null null 3null 12 2nullnull null null3null null 92null 20
Notenullnullese categories are not
mutuallnullexclusive
null200 1null93 31 nullnullnull 30 1nullnull 3null 1nullnull 33 nullnull9 32 1null1null 33
null001nullnull0 2nullnull null nullnullnull null 1nullnull 3null 2null30 null null2null null 1null1null 3null
null01nullnull0 nullnull 1null 2null32 1null nullnull 1null null9 1null 2null92 1null nullnull 1null
null01null1null00 33null null 1null1null null 2null 9 33null null 1nullnull null nullnull 9
null1null00 null 2 3null 2 9null 3 101 2 3null 2 12null 3
nullotal nullnull3 100 1null9null 100 3nullnull 100 null0null 100 1null1null 100 nullnull9 100
Missing null 1null null 2null 212 1null
Average nullenant Panullent nullnull null02 nullnull null23 nullnull null1null nullnull null90 nullnull null2null nullnull null2null
null200 393 null 1nullnull 11 nullnull 1null nullnull 10 1nullnull 12 null9 20
null00nullnull0 1null2null 2null nullnull2 32 9null 31 1nullnull 31 nullnull2 32 1null2null 3null
null01nullnull0 1null23 2null nullnull0 2null null2 23 1null1null 22 3nullnull 2null 1null10 23
null01null1null00 1nullnull 29 3null02 22 nullnull 21 1nullnull 2null 3nullnull 22 null9 1null
null1null00 null9 1null 1null30 11 232 null null0 12 1null3null 10 2null null
nullotal nullnull3 100 1nullnull 99 3nullnull 9null null0null 100 1null939 100 null39null 100
Missing null 1null null 2null 212 1null
Average nullusing Assistance
Panullent
nullnull null3null null90 nullnull null2null null20 null12 nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull
nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
65

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull
PInullnull PInullnull
At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit
N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullent and nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullpresentatinull Sample null of 2null
nullAnull income assistance null1 1null 2null9null 1null 31null null null0 1null 2nullnull 1null 21null 3
Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance
Program
1null19 3null nullnullnull null 1nullnull 21 1null13 3null null0null null 1null0null 23
nullneral assistance null2 9 1nullnull 9 9null 2 3null null 1null93 9 110 2
Earned income tanullcredit nullnull9 null 2null93 1null null1 null nullnull 12 2null90 1null null9 11
Food stamps 2null23 null nullnull9 null 920 1null 1null19 3null null1null null 1null09 19
Notenullnullese categories are not
mutuallnullexclusive
null200 1null13 3null nullnull2 29 1nullnull 31 1null9null 31 nullnull0 30 1null0null 29
null00nullnull0 2nullnull null null3null 39 2nullnull 39 2null29 null nullnullnull 3null 2null12 3null
null01nullnull0 nullnull 1null 2nullnull 1null 903 1null null1 1null 2nullnull 1null 1null9null 1null
null01null1null00 3null null 1null3null 10 nullnull 10 3null null 1nullnull 10 null2 12
null1null00 12null 3 null9 3 1null 3 13null 3 null1 null 2null null
nullotal null0null 100 1null1null 100 nullnullnull 100 nullnullnull 100 1null009 100 nullnull2 100
Missing null 2null 2null null 2null 2null
Average nullenant Panullent nullnull nullnull null9null nullnull nullnull null30 nullnull null0null null03 nullnull null0null nullnull
null200 null0 9 1nullnull 12 1null19 19 null1 9 1nullnull 11 1null09 1null
null00nullnull0 1null2null 2null nullnullnull 31 1nullnull 33 1nullnull 2null null3null 30 1nullnull 31
null01nullnull0 1nullnull 21 3nullnull 2null 1null19 23 9null 21 3null2null 2null 1nullnull 23
null01null1null00 1null3null 29 3null1null 22 9null 1null 1null0null 2null 3null11 22 1nullnull 20
null1null00 nullnull 1null 1null9null 11 3null null null0 1null 1nullnull 13 nullnull 10
nullotal null01null 100 1null909 100 null3null 100 nullnull1 100 1nullnullnull 100 null2null 100
Missing null 2null 2null null 2null 2null
Average nullusing Assistance
Panullent
nullnull nullnull null92 nullnull null03 nullnull nullnull null3null null12 nullnull nullnull null2null
nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullAnull = nullemnullrary Assisnullnce for nulledy Families.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull
66

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull
PInullnull PInullnull
At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit
N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullentnulland nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls null of 2null
nullAnull income assistance 1null 1null 1nullnull 23 null null 3null 39 nullnull 20 210 1null
Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance
Program
null2 null null2null null 1null 1null null0 null 2000 null 3null 2null
nullneral assistance 10null 11 33null null null null null null 292 null null null
Earned income tanullcredit 2null 2null 2null32 2null 1null 1null 1null 1null 99null 2null 1null 12
Food stamps null3 null nullnullnull null 10null 9 null1 null 1nullnull null 2null 19
Notenullnullese categories are not
mutuallnullexclusive
null200 39null null 2null0null 33 3null 33 3null null 11null 32 null0 3null
null00nullnull0 null0 null 3null3null null nullnull 3null 3null 39 1null9 null null3 3null
null01nullnull0 10null 11 1nullnull 1null 213 19 10null 12 null3 1null 2null 1null
null01null1null00 null null null0 null 101 9 null null 2null null 11null null
null1null00 21 2 1null 2 3null 3 1null 2 101 3 3null 2
nullotal 99null 100 nullnull0 100 1null32 100 931 100 3null3 100 1nullnull 100
Average nullenant Panullent null13 nullnull nullnull null1null nullnull null30 null2null nullnull nullnull null2null nullnull null13
null200 null null 1null1null 12 23null 21 2null null 19null 1null 133 1null
null00nullnull0 33null 3null 2nullnull 33 3null 3null 231 null null0 null 29null null
null01nullnull0 313 31 2null02 2null 31null 2null null 1null 229 21 1null 2null
null01null1null00 13null 1null 1nullnull 1null 1null 1null null 11 132 12 10null 1null
null1null00 129 13 9null 11 33 3 11 3 2null 2 10 1
nullotal 99null 100 nullnullnull 100 112null 100 3null 100 10null 100 null3 100
Missing 3 12 null nullnull 2null1 nullnull
Average nullusing Assistance
Panullent
null93 null3null nullnull null3null nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null3null null3null nullnull nullnull
nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
67

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull
PInullnull PInullnull
At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit
N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullentnulland nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls null of 2null
nullAnull income assistance 3null 3null 9null 2null null null 19null 22 null0 2null null null
Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance
Program
null0 null 210null null 2null 1null 3null null 190null null null3 31
nullneral assistance null null 31null null 30 2 null null 3null 10 null 3
Earned income tanullcredit 1null 1null 10null 29 1null 10 1null 19 9null 2null 399 22
Food stamps null1 null 1nullnull null 1null 11 null3 null 1null2 null nullnull 22
Notenullnullese categories are not
mutuallnullexclusive
null200 393 3null 11null 30 nullnull 3null 3null 39 1091 29 nullnull 3null
null00nullnull0 nullnull null 1nullnull 39 nullnull 3null 3null null 1nullnull 39 null9 3null
null01nullnull0 12null 12 nullnull 1null 2null 1null 11null 13 null0 1null 2null 1null
null01null1null00 null null 3null 10 1null 9 null null 3null 10 211 12
null1null00 1null 1 123 3 null 3 10 1 132 null null 3
nullotal 10null 100 3nullnull 100 1null2 100 nullnull 100 3null9 100 1null3 100
Average nullenant Panullent null19 nullnull null93 nullnull nullnull null0null null1null nullnull null99 nullnull nullnull null2null
null200 30 null 13null 1null 1null 1null 30 9 9null 12 1null 1null
null00nullnull0 13null 3null 29null 3null 3null 39 110 33 303 3null 320 1null
null01nullnull0 null 21 192 2null 230 2null null 1null 229 29 21null 2null
null01null1null00 90 2null 12null 1null 1null 1null 9null 29 130 1null 1null 19
null1null00 3null 10 2null 3 2null 3 39 12 3null null null null
nullotal 3null 100 nullnull 100 9null 100 331 100 nullnull 100 null9 100
Missing nullnull 302null null9 nullnull 29null 92null
Average nullusing Assistance
Panullent
nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null1null null9null null11 null00 null0null nullnull
nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N %
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull. nullAnull = nullemnullrary Assisnullnce for nulledy Families.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull
68

nullnulle of nullrvice
PInullnull PInullnull
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Yes No Missing Yes No Missing
nullnulle of nullrvice
PInullnull PInullnull
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Yes No Missing Yes No Missing
nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participants nullported as nulleding Sernullces and nulleds Met null FSSnullnullpresentatinull Sample
nullildcare sernullces 1null23 null1 null1 1 1nullnull null2 null0 20
Educationnullraining null 2null 2null 0 22 9 13 0
nullnull 1null10 nullnull nullnull 0 nullnull 222 nullnull 0
nullmeonullership counseling 3nullnull 1null32 1null1null 13 2nullnull 9null 1nullnull 3null
nullgh school 22null null 1null 0 3null null 29 1
nullalth sernullces nullnull 2null null3 1 119 null null 2
nulldinulldual denulllopment account nullnull 199 nullnull 1 2null 9 1null 0
nullnullretention 1nullnull null0 null0 null 3null 12null 2null 0
nullnullsearchnullonullplacement 3null90 1null90 1null9null null null0 1null 2null 0
Mentoring 1nullnull nullnull null0 1 1null null 12 0
Post secondarnull 1nullnull nullnull 1nullnull null 10null 23 null 2
nullransportation 1nullnull null0 null1 1 20 null 13 0
nullocationalnullonulltraining 2null3null 1nullnull 1nullnull 3 null 1null null 2
nullotal service needs reported 1null21null null01null 10nullnull 33 nullnullnull 2nullnull 3nullnull null
nullildcare sernullces 1nullnull nullnull null9 20 1null12 3null nullnull 2null
Educationnullraining null 20 23 2 null 10 29 3
nullnull 9null 2null nullnull null nullnull 1null null1 12
nullmeonullership counseling 3null13 1null3null 2null19 null 3null0null nullnull 2null2null null
nullgh school 19 null 11 1 23 null 1null 0
nullalth sernullces 1null 101 null null 1null 9null null null
nulldinulldual denulllopment account 3null null 2null 0 30 null 2null 0
nullnullretention null0 1null 31null null null1 nullnull 30null null
nullnullsearchnullonullplacement 3null 1null 19null 1null nullnull 1null 2null null
Mentoring null 31 1null 0 12null null null 2
Post secondarnull 9null 2null null 1 110 3null null 0
nullransportation 12null 10 11null 0 null 10 null 0
nullocationalnullonulltraining null 31 null 0 null 10 30 0
nullotal service needs reported nullnull2 2nullnull nullnull2 11null nullnullnull 2null1null null39null 12null
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullnull= nullneral Enullinulllency nullnulloma.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull
69

nullnulle of nullrvice
PInullnull PInullnull
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Yes No Missing Yes No Missing
nullnulle of nullrvice
PInullnull PInullnull
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Numnullr nullporting
Need for nullrvice
nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram
Yes No Missing Yes No Missing
nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participants nullported as nulleding Sernullces and nulleds Met null FSSnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls
nullildcare sernullces 2null 1null 131 0 2null 11null 13null null
Educationnullraining 1null 1null 2 0 null null 2 0
nullnull 201 null 113 0 19null null 12null 1
nullmeonullership counseling 9null null0 null3 null null9 299 nullnull 3
nullgh school 29 null 2null 0 null 1 null 0
nullalth sernullces 2null 122 11null 0 32 20 11 1
nulldinulldual denulllopment account 32null null 2null 0 null null 3 0
nullnullretention nullnull 301 19null 1 null 3null null 0
nullnullsearchnullonullplacement nullnull 39null 3null 2 null null 33 0
Mentoring null3 2null 31null 1 null 3 3 0
Post secondarnull null1 2null 22null 0 3null 10 2null 0
nullransportation 202 9null 10null 0 null 1 3 0
nullocationalnullonulltraining nullnull 323 322 2 1null null 11 0
nullotal service needs reported null231 2nullnull 2nullnull 10 1nullnull null9 92null 12
nullildcare sernullces null2 1null 3null 1null nullnull 1null 2null 23
Educationnullraining 2null 1null 9 1 1null null null 3
nullnull 32null null 23null null 302 92 202 null
nullmeonullership counseling 1nullnull 332 1null00 1null 1nullnull 23null nullnull 2null
nullgh school null 2 null 0 10 null null 0
nullalth sernullces null null 19 null null null 19 null
nulldinulldual denulllopment account 9 1 null 0 null 1 null 0
nullnullretention 91 32 null null 9null null null null
nullnullsearchnullonullplacement 10null null null 1null 10null null null null
Mentoring 2null 20 null 0 null null 13 2
Post secondarnull null 23 20 1 null 20 2null 0
nullransportation 10 null null 0 11 null null 0
nullocationalnullonulltraining 2null 1null 9 0 13 null null 0
nullotal service needs reported 2nullnull nullnull 1nullnull null 2null23 nullnull 1null0null null
FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullnull= nullneral Enullinulllency nullnulloma. nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull
70

PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull
EscronullAccount nulllance nullsnullrsed Amount Positive
Escronull
Account
nulllance
Positive
nullsnullrsed
Amount
Positive
Escronull
Account
nulllance
Positive
nullsnullrsed
Amount
Positive
Escronull
Account
nulllance
Positive
nullsnullrsed
Amount
Including
nullros
Positive
Including
nullros
Positive
Progress nullport
nullmnullr 1null131 9null1null 1null131 null3 nullnull9 nullnull 9nullnull nullnull null3null null2
Mean nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull nullnullnull nullnull32 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull2null
Median nullnull nullnullnull null null0null nullnull21 nullnull nullnullnull nullnull31 nullnull3null nullnull0null
Program Exit
nullntract not completed
nullmnullr 2null31 nullnull 2null31 null nullnull 10null nullnull 12null 9null null
Mean nullnull nullnullnull nullnull nullnull10 nullnullnull nullnull02 nullnull01 nullnull22 nullnull2null nullnullnull
Median null nullnullnull null nullnullnull nullnullnull null39 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull10
nullntract completed
nullmnullr null9 312 null9 3null null2 null9 null0 nullnull null0 9null
Mean nullnull1null nullnullnull nullnull12 nullnullnull nullnull0null nullnull09 nullnull32 nullnullnull nullnull23 nullnullnull
Median null nullnull1null null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull9null nullnull31 nullnullnull nullnullnull
nullnullnull do nonullinclude nullro nulllances or nullro disnullrsemennull.
nullnull= nullS. nullnullrnullennullof nullusinnulland nullnulln nullnulllonullennull nullnull= nullnullic and nulldian nullusinnullnullformanullon nullnnullr sysnullm.
nullnulls: nulle danull nullnulllanulld in nullis nullnulle corresnullnd null nulle follonullnnullnullesnullon numnullrs in nulle nullnullnull0null and nullrianulle names in nulle nullnullenullracnull from nullnull nullonullam nullnull nullnnully, nullonulless, enullnullnullnull7null nullnnullacnullcomnullenulldnullonull
comnullenulldnullnull7mnullnull Escronullnulllancenullnull7nullnull. nullsnullrsed amounnullnullnullnullnull.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull
nullanulle Gnullnull EscronullAccount and nullterim nullsnullrsementsnullnullpresentatinull Sample
71

PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull
EscronullAccount nulllance nullsnullrsed Amount Positive
Escronull
Account
nulllance
Positive
nullsnullrsed
Amount
Positive
Escronull
Account
nulllance
Positive
nullsnullrsed
Amount
Positive
Escronull
Account
nulllance
Positive
nullsnullrsed
Amount
Including
nullros
Positive
Including
nullros
Positive
Progress nullport
nullmnullr null3null null311 nullnull0 nullnull 1null92 12null 1null92 113 1null13 11null
Mean nullnull32 nullnullnull nullnull nullnull93 nullnull3null nullnull22 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull
Median null nullnull20 null null90 nullnull30 nullnull nullnullnull null9null nullnull0null null09
Program Exit
nullntract not completed
nullmnullr null9 21null null9 22 1null 2null 201 29 29null 23
Mean nullnull nullnull9null nullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull3null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull0null nullnullnull
Median null nullnull33 null nullnull nullnull01 nullnull nullnull2null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull00
nullntract completed
nullmnullr 2null 11null 2null 133 null 9null 13null 11null 191 13null
Mean nullnull02 nullnullnull nullnull3null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull00 nullnull2null nullnull2null nullnullnull
Median null nullnullnull null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull30 nullnull1null nullnullnull nullnull39 nullnullnull
nullanulle Gnullnull EscronullAccount and nullterim nullsnullrsementsnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls
nullnull= nullS. nullnullrnullennullof nullusinnulland nullnulln nullnulllonullennull nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull. nullnull= nullnullic and nulldian nullusinnullnullformanullon nullnnullr.
nullnullnull do nonullinclude nullro nulllances or nullro disnullrsemennull.
nullnulls: nulle danull nullnulllanulld in nullis nullnulle corresnullnd null nulle follonullnnullnullesnullon numnullrs in nulle nullnullnull0null and nullrianulle names in nulle nullnullenullracnull from nullnull nullonullam nullnull nullnnully, nullonulless, enullnullnullnull7null nullnnullacnullcomnullenulldnullonull
comnullenulldnullnull7mnullnull Escronullnulllancenullnull7nullnull. nullsnullrsed amounnullnullnullnullnull.
Sources: nullnullnull nullnu