Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

by HUD USER

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting
Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to
Concrete Wall Systems

Prepared for

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
Washington, DC

Prepared by

NAHB Research Center, Inc.
Upper Marlboro, MD

May 2008

About the NAHB Research Center

The NAHB Research Center, located in Upper Marlboro, Md., is known
as America’s Housing Technology and Information Resource. In it’s nearly 40 years of
service to the home building industry, the Research Center has provided product
research and building process improvements that have been widely adopted by home
builders throughout the United States. The Research Center carries out extensive
programs of information dissemination and interchange among members of the home
building industry and between the industry and the public.

About the Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA)

The Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA) is the trade
organization for the SIPs industry. SIPA’s mission is to increase the use and
acceptance of SIPs through a strong trade association that provides an industry forum
for promotion, communication, education, research, and quality assurance.

About the Portland Cement Association (PCA)

The Portland Cement Association, an organization of cement
companies to improve and extend the uses of portland cement and concrete through
market development, engineering, research, education and public affairs work.

Disclaimer
Neither the NAHB Research Center, Inc., nor any person acting on its behalf, makes
any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus,
method, or process disclosed in this publication or that such use may not infringe
privately owned rights, or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for
damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method or process
disclosed in this publication, or is responsible for statements made or opinions
expressed by individual authors.

Foreword
This document, Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to
Concrete Wall Systems (Prescriptive Method), is the fourth in a series of prescriptive
provisions for alternative materials in residential construction:
Prescriptive Methods for Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing
Prescriptive Method for Insulating Concrete Forms in Residential Construction
Prescriptive Method for Structural Insulated Panels (Sips) Used In Wall Systems in
Residential Construction.
The Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH), administered by the
Department of Housing and Urban Development, is focused on improving the
affordability and value of new and existing homes. Through public and private efforts,
PATH is working to improve affordability, energy efficiency, environmental impact,
quality, durability and maintenance, hazard mitigation, and labor safety. HUD, through
PATH initiative, has been geared toward removing the primary barriers to efficient use
of innovative home building materials such as cold-formed steel (CFS), insulating
concrete forms (ICF) and structural insulated panels (SIPs). For these materials the
primary barriers were very basic - lacking prescriptive construction guidelines and
building code approvals. This was done by the development of prescriptive provisions
for those materials. While many past achievements have advanced affordable, durable,
energy efficient, and safe innovative housing construction and design methods, more
work is needed to expand the choice of construction material for builders and
contractors. A wider selection of building materials can significantly improve efficiency
and expand the realm of applications to more building conditions. Structural Insulated
Panels (SIPs) is just one example of systems where connections of SIP roof panels to
concrete wall systems need to be properly prescribed.
This document provides prescriptive methods for connecting SIP roofs to concrete wall
systems in residential applications. The prescriptive provisions include connection
capacities and construction details.

NAHB Research Center i May 2008

Acknowledgements
This report is the result of efforts by a wide range of participants from the Portland
Cement Association (PCA), Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA), U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and related fields in
engineering, research, consulting, building, and manufacturing. The primary author of
this document is Nader Elhajj, P.E., of FrameCad Solutions (formerly of the NAHB
Research Center) in close cooperation with Jay Crandell, P.E., of Applied Residential
Engineering Services, The Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA), and the
Portland Cement Association (PCA).
We extend our appreciation to the following committee members for contributing their
time and effort:
NAME AFFILIATION
Nader Elhajj FrameCad Solutions
Dana Bres Office of Policy Development and Research, HUD
Jim Messersmith Portland Cement Association (PCA)
Donn Thompson
Portland Cement Association (PCA)
Bill Wachtler Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA)
Andrew DeRenzis NAHB Research Center, Inc.
BJ Yeh APA - The Engineered Wood Association
Ed Keith APA - The Engineered Wood Association
Tom Williamson APA - The Engineered Wood Association
Damian Pataluna FischerSips, Inc.
Jim Whalen Plastifab/Insulspan
Tom Savoy Premier Building Systems
Todd Bergstrom AFM Corp.
Vince McClure MC Squared
Paul Lynch Fairfax County-Virginia
George Muste Montgomery County-Maryland
Raj Jalla Consulting Engineers Corp.
Gino Tognotti Consulting Engineers Corp.
Jay Crandell Applied Residential Engineering Services

NAHB Research Center ii May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
Table of Contents
FOREWORD.................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ii
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
1.0 GENERAL............................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Purpose............................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Approach.......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Conflicting Requirements ................................................................................. 3
1.5 Definitions......................................................................................................... 5
2.0 SIP MATERIALS, SHAPES, AND STANDARD SIZES........................................... 9
2.1 Physical Dimensions......................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 SIP Roof Systems .................................................................................... 9
2.2 Core Materials................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Facing Materials............................................................................................. 10
2.4 Adhesive Materials ......................................................................................... 11
2.5 Lumber ........................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Labeling.......................................................................................................... 11
3.0 TYPES OF CONCRETE WALL SYSTEMS .......................................................... 12
4.0 ANCHOR BOLTS AND FASTENERS................................................................... 12
4.1 SIP Fasteners................................................................................................. 12
4.2 Fasteners for Wood Top Plates...................................................................... 12
4.3 Anchor Bolts................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Proprietary Connectors .................................................................................. 13
5.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SIP ROOFS ............................................... 13
5.1 SIP Roofs Requirements................................................................................ 13
5.2 Panel to Panel Connection............................................................................. 13
5.3 SIP Roofs Exterior Covering ........................................................................... 13
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

6.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE WALL SYSTEMS.................. 13
6.1 Design of Concrete Wall Systems.................................................................. 13
6.2 Wood Top Plate .............................................................................................. 14
6.3 Wood Top Plate Anchors to Concrete Wall Systems...................................... 14
7.0 ROOF SIPs CONNECTION DETAILS.................................................................. 14
7.1 Fastening of SIP Roof Panels to Top Sill Plate .............................................. 14
7.1.1 Minimum Screw Fastener...................................................................... 14
7.1.2 Fastener Spacing .................................................................................. 15
7.1.3 Fastener Spacing to Resist Wind Loading............................................. 15
7.1.4 Fastener Spacing to Resist Seismic Loading ........................................ 15
7.2 Ridge Beam.................................................................................................... 15
7.3 Ridge Beam Details........................................................................................ 15
7.4 Roof Overhangs ............................................................................................. 16
7.5 Roof Penetrations........................................................................................... 16
7.6 SIP Screw Size............................................................................................... 16
8.0 THERMAL GUIDELINES ...................................................................................... 27
8.1 Energy Code Compliance .............................................................................. 27
8.2 Moisture ......................................................................................................... 27
8.3 Ventilation ...................................................................................................... 27
9.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 28
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
NAHB Research Center v May 2008

List of Tables
Table 1.1 Applicability Limits ........................................................................................... 4
Table 1.2 Wind Speed Conversions................................................................................ 4
Table 2.1 Minimum Properties for OSB Skins Used in SIP Roofs................................. 11
Table 7.1 SIP Roof Panel Wind Uplift Connection to Wood Sill Plate Along Eaves ...... 17
Table 7.2 SIP Roof Panel Wind Uplift Connection to Wood Sill Plate Along Gable
End............................................................................................................................. 18
Table 7.3 SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Top for Wall Anchorage
Against Lateral Wind Loads........................................................................................ 18
Table 7.4 SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Roof Diaphragm Shear
Transfer...................................................................................................................... 19
Table 7.5 SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Top for Wall Anchorage
Against Lateral Seismic Loads ................................................................................... 19
Table 7.6 SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Roof Diaphragm-Seismic
Shear Transfer ........................................................................................................... 20
Table 7.7 SIP Screw Sizes............................................................................................ 20
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Cross Sectional View of SIP........................................................................... 9
Figure 7.1 SIP Roof to Concrete Wall Connection – Continuous Solid Sill Plate,
Taper to Match Roof Slope......................................................................................... 21
Figure 7.2 SIP Roof to Concrete Wall Connection – Top of Concrete Wall Sloped ...... 22
Figure 7.3 SIP Roof to ICF Wall Connection - Continuous Solid Sill Plate, Taper to
Match Roof Slope....................................................................................................... 23
Figure 7.4 SIP Roof to ICF Wall Connection – Top of Concrete Wall Sloped .............. 24
Figure 7.5 SIP Roof to CMU Wall Connection - Continuous Solid Sill Plate, Taper to
Match Roof Slope....................................................................................................... 25
Figure 7.6 SIP Roof to CMU Wall Connection – Top of Concrete Wall Sloped............ 26

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

NAHB Research Center 1 May 2008
INTRODUCTION
The Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete
Wall Systems (Prescriptive Method) provides prescriptive requirements to facilitate the
use of SIP roofs on concrete wall systems (such as poured concrete and insulated
concrete form walls) for the construction of one- and two-family dwellings. By providing
prescriptive provisions for the roof connections for typical concrete homes with SIP roof
systems, the need for engineering can be reduced for most applications. The provisions
in this document were developed by applying accepted engineering practices, standard
test procedures and practical construction techniques. The provisions in this document
comply with the loading requirements of the most recent U.S. model building codes at
the time of publication. However, the users of this document should verify its
compliance with local code requirements. The user is advised to refer to the applicable
building code requirements where the provisions of this document are not applicable or
where engineered design is called out.
This document is not a regulatory instrument, although it is written for that purpose. The
user should refer to applicable building code requirements when exceeding the
limitations of this document, when the requirements conflict with the building code, or
when an engineering design is specified. This document is not intended to restrict the
use of sound judgment or engineering analysis of specific applications that may result in
designs with improved performance and economy.

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

NAHB Research Center 2 May 2008
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of the Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated
Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems (Prescriptive Method) is to provide
prescriptive requirements for the roof connections of structural insulated panels
(SIPs) to several concrete wall systems for residential structures. These
provisions include definitions, span tables, material requirements, and other
related information appropriate for use by home builders, design professionals,
and building code officials.
1.2 Approach
The prescriptive requirements were developed by applying accepted engineering
principles and supported with relevant structural test data. The provisions of the
Prescriptive Method were also based on the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures (ASCE 7) [1], the International Building Code [2], and the
International Residential Code [3].
1.3 Scope
The provisions of the Prescriptive Method apply to the construction of detached
one- or two-family dwellings, townhouses, and other attached single-family
dwellings and accessory structures in compliance with the general limitations in
Table 1.1. SIP roofs connected to concrete wall systems in accordance with this
Prescriptive Method shall be limited by the applicability limits set forth in Table
1.1. The limitations are intended to define an appropriate use of this document
for most one- and two-family dwellings.
The Prescriptive Method is not intended to restrict the use of connection details
based on sound judgment or use of exact engineering analysis of specific
applications that may result in improved designs and economy.
Engineering design shall be required for roof connections in regions where the
wind speed is greater than 110 mph (177 km/hr), regions along the immediate
hurricane-prone coastline subjected to storm surge (i.e., beach front property),
regions in Seismic Design Categories D
0
, D
1
and D
2
, and regions in near-fault
seismic hazard conditions (i.e., Seismic Design Category E) as defined by the
provisions of ASCE 7.

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Additional criteria as established by the local jurisdiction shall be considered and
addressed for buildings constructed in accordance with the provisions of this
document as limited by the provisions of this section.
If the basic wind speed velocities in the building code of the jurisdiction where the
Prescriptive Method is to be used are based on fastest-mile wind speeds, the
designer shall convert those wind speeds to 3-second gust wind speeds in
accordance with Table 1.2 for use with the tables in this Prescriptive Method.
1.4 Conflicting Requirements
Where differences occur between provisions of this Prescriptive Method and the
applicable building code, the provisions of the applicable code shall apply.
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Table 1.1
Applicability Limits
ATTRIBUTE LIMITATION
GENERAL
Building Dimension Maximum building width is 40 feet (12.2 m)
Number of Stories 2 story (above basement)
Basic Wind Speed Up to 110 mph (177 km/h) 3-second gust
Wind Exposure
Exposures B
1
(suburban/wooded)
Exposures C
1
(open terrain)
Wind Importance Factor I ≤ 1.0
Wind Enclosure Classification Enclosed
Ground Snow Load 70 psf (3.35 kN/m
2
) maximum ground snow load
Snow Importance Factor I ≤ 1.0
Seismic Design Category A, B and C
1

Building Height Maximum 35 feet (10.7 m)
ROOFS
Roof Dead Load 10 psf (0.48 kN/m
2
) maximum
Roof Snow/Live Load
70 psf (3.35 kN/m
2
) maximum ground snow load (16
psf (0.77 kN/m
2
) minimum Roof Live Load).
Ceiling Dead Load 5 psf (0.24 kN/m
2
) maximum
Roof Clear Span (unsupported) 40 feet (12.2 m)
Roof Slope (Pitch) 3:12 to 12:12
Rake Overhang
2 feet (610 mm) horizontal projection beyond exterior
wall
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m
2
, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.3 m.
1
As defined by the provisions in ASCE 7.

Table 1.2
Wind Speed Conversions
Fastest Mile (mph) 70 75 80 90 100 110
3-Sec Gust (mph) 84 89 95 105 116 126
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

1.5 Definitions
Accepted Engineering Practice: An engineering approach that conforms with
accepted principles, tests, technical standards, and sound judgment.
Anchor Bolt: A bolt, headed or threaded, used to connect a structural member
of different material to a concrete member.
Approved: Reference to approval by the building code authority having
jurisdiction. Product testing or a rational design by a competent design
professional is commonly accepted by the code body as grounds for approval.
Attic: The enclosed space between the ceiling joists of the top-most floor and the
roof rafters of a building not intended for occupancy but sometimes used for
storage.
Authority Having Jurisdiction: The organization, political subdivision, office, or
individual charged with the responsibility of administering and enforcing the
provisions of applicable building codes.
Axial Load: A force acting in line with a member’s longitudinal axis. Examples
are the gravity loads carried by columns or wall panels.
Basement: That portion of a building, which is partly, or completely below grade
and which may be used as habitable space.
Building: Any one- or two-family dwelling or portion thereof that is used for
human habitation.
Building Height: The vertical distance between the average grade, as measured
against the building foundation, to either the highest point of the roof beams (for
flat-roofed buildings) or the mean height between the eaves and the roof peak for
pitched roofs.
Building Length: The dimension of a building that is perpendicular to horizontal
span of SIP roofs (L).
Building Width: The dimension of a building that is parallel to horizontal span of
SIP roofs (W).
Ceiling Joist: A horizontal structural framing member that supports ceiling
components and which may be subject to attic loads.

NAHB Research Center 5 May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Core: The lightweight middle section of the sandwich structural insulated panel
composed of molded expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation or alternative, which
provides the link between the two facing shells.
Dead Load: Forces resulting from the weight of walls, partitions, framing, floors,
ceilings, roofs, and all other permanent construction entering into, and becoming
part of, a building.
Deflection: Elastic movement of a loaded structural member or assembly (i.e.,
beam or wall).
Design Professional: An individual licensed to practice their respective design
profession as defined by the statutory requirements of the state in which the
project is to be constructed.
Design (or Basic) Wind Speed: Related to winds that are expected to be
exceeded once every 50 years at a given site (i.e., 50-year return period). Wind
speeds in this document are given in units of miles per hour (mph) by 3-second
gust measurements in accordance with ASCE 7 [1].
Dwelling: Any building that contains one or two dwelling units for living
purposes.
Endwall: The exterior wall of a building which is perpendicular to the roof ridge
and parallel to floor framing, roof rafters, or trusses. It is normally the shorter
dimension of a rectangular building’s footprint.
Exposure Categories: Reflects the effect of the ground surface roughness on
wind loads in accordance with ASCE 7 [1]. Exposure Category B includes urban
and suburban areas or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions
having the size of single-family dwellings or larger. Exposure Category C
includes open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m) and shorelines in hurricane prone regions.
Facing: The wood structural panel facers that form the two outmost rigid layers
of the structural insulated panel.
Flat Wall: A solid concrete wall of uniform thickness
Foundation Wall: The structural element of a foundation that transmits the load
of a structure to the earth; includes basement, stem, and crawlspace walls.
Grade: The finished ground level adjoining the building at all exterior walls.

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Ground Snow Load: Measured load on the ground due to snow accumulation
developed from a statistical analysis of weather records expected to be
exceeded once every 50 years at a given site.
Lateral Load: A horizontal force, created by wind or earthquake, acting on a
structure or its components.
Lateral Support: A horizontal member providing stability to a column or wall
across either of its smaller dimensions. (Lateral support can be applied to either
of the minor dimensions of an axially-loaded member.)
Live Loads: Those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or
other structure and do not include construction or environmental loads such as
wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load or dead load.
Load Bearing Walls: Walls subject to loads that exceed the limits for non-load
bearing walls.
Oriented Strand Board (OSB): Sheets made from narrow strands of wood fiber
oriented lengthwise and crosswise in layers, with a resin binder, conforming to
DOC PS2 [11]. In the building codes it is included in the class of products called
“wood structural panels”.
Panel Thickness: Thickness of core plus two layers of wood structural panel
facers.
R-Value, Thermal Resistance: The inverse of the time rate of heat flow through
a building thermal envelope element from one of its bounding surfaces to the
other for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady
state conditions, per unit area (h.ft
2
.˚F/Btu).
Ridge: The horizontal line formed by the joining of the top edges of two sloping
roof surfaces.
Roof Snow Load: Uniform live load on the roof due to snow accumulation as
given in ASCE 7 [1].
Screen-Grid Wall: A perforated concrete wall with closely spaced vertical and
horizontal concrete members (cores) with voids in the concrete between the
members created by the stay-in-place form.
Seismic Load: The force exerted on a building structure resulting from seismic
(earthquake) ground motions.

NAHB Research Center 7 May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Seismic Design Category: A classification assigned to a structure based on its
Seismic Group and the severity of the design earthquake ground motion at the
site. Seismic Design Categories A, B, C, correspond to successively greater
seismic design loads.
Stay-in-Place Concrete Forms: A concrete forming system using stay-in-place
forms of foam plastic insulation, a composite of cement and foam insulation, a
composite of cement and wood chips, or other insulating material for constructing
cast-in-place concrete walls.
Structural Insulated Panel (SIP): A structural sandwich panel which consists of
a light weight core securely laminated between two rigid facings (such as wood
structural panels).
Smoke-Development Rating: The combustibility of a material that contributes to
fire impact through life hazard and property damage by producing smoke and
toxic gases; refer to ASTM E 84 [4].
Spline: A long, narrow strip that fits into a groove cut into the longitudinal edges
of the two structural insulated panels to be joined. Alternately, the strip (spline)
can be a section of structural insulated panel (insulated panel spline) with overall
thickness equal to the core thickness of the two structural insulated panels to be
connected.
Story: That portion of the building included between the upper surface of any
floor and the upper surface of the floor next above, except that the top-most story
shall be that habitable portion of a building included between the upper surface of
the top-most floor and the ceiling or roof above.
Strap: Flat or coiled sheet steel material typically used for bracing and blocking
which transfers loads by tension and/or shear.
Stud: Vertical structural element of a wall assembly, which supports vertical
loads and/or transfers lateral loads.
Townhouse: A single-family dwelling unit constructed in a group of three or more
attached units in which each unit extends from foundation to roof and with open
space on at least two sides.
Truss: A coplanar system of structural members joined together at their ends
usually to construct a series of triangles that form a stable beam-like framework.

NAHB Research Center 8 May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Waffle-Grid Wall: A solid concrete wall with closely spaced vertical and
horizontal concrete members (cores) with a concrete web between the members
created by the stay-in-place form. The thicker vertical and horizontal concrete
cores and the thinner concrete webs create the appearance of a breakfast waffle.
It is also called an uninterrupted-grid wall in other publications.
Wall Height: The clear vertical distance between the finished floor and the
finished ceiling. Where a finished floor does not exist (i.e., crawlspace), the wall
height is the clear vertical distance between the interior finish grade and the
finished ceiling.
Wind Exposure: Refer to Exposure Categories.
Wind Load: The force or pressure exerted on a building structure and its
components resulting from wind. Wind loads are typically measured in pounds
per square foot (psf) or Pascals (Pa).
Wind Speed: Refer to Design Wind Speed.

2.0 SIP MATERIALS, SHAPES, AND
STANDARD SIZES
2.1 Physical Dimensions
Roofs for residential structures constructed
with structural insulated panel (SIP) systems
in accordance with this document shall
comply with the shapes and minimum cross-
sectional dimensions required in this section.
SIP roofs not in compliance with this section
shall be constructed in accordance with
accepted engineering practices,
manufacturer’s recommendations, or an
approved design.
2.1.1 SIP Roof Systems
SIPs for roof panel construction shall comply
with Figure 2.1 and shall have minimum panel thickness as specified in Section
2.2. Alternate SIP roof panel configurations that can demonstrate equivalency to
Figure 2.1
Cross Sectional View of SIP
NAHB Research Center 9 May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

SIP roof panels specified in this document shall be permitted. Each SIP roof
panel shall be identified by grade mark and/or certificate of inspection issued by
an approved agency as per Section 2.6.
2.2 Core Materials
The core material of SIPs used in roof construction shall be composed of molded
expanded polystyrene (EPS) meeting the requirements of ASTM C 578 [5], type
I, with minimum density of 0.90 lb/ft
3
(14.42 kg/m
3
), or an approved alternate.
Flame-spread rating of SIP cores shall be less than 75 and the smoke-
development rating shall be less than 450, as tested in accordance with ASTM E
84 [4]. The minimum thickness of the core for SIP roofs shall be 5.5 inches (140
mm). SIP core insulation shall bear a label containing the following as a
minimum:
• Manufacturer identification,
• Product standard and type,
• Flame-spread/smoke-developed,
• Name, logo or identification of quality assurance agency.
2.3 Facing Materials
Facing material for SIP roofs shall be of wood structural panels used for
structural purposes conforming to DOC PS 1 [12], DOC PS 2 [11] or, when
manufactured in Canada, CSA O437 [14] or CSA O325 [13] and shall meet the
following requirements:
a. 7/16 inch (11 mm) thickness or greater,
b. Panels identified by a trademark issued by an approved agency in
accordance with DOC PS2 [11],
c. Strength, stiffness, tension, and density meeting the requirements of Table
2.1.
NAHB Research Center 10 May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
Table 2.1
Minimum Properties for OSB Skins Used in SIP Roofs
(a)

Flatwise Stiffness
(a)

(lbf-in.
2
/ft)
Flatwise Strength
(b)
(lbf-in./ft)
Tension
(b)

(lbf/ft)
Thickness
(in.)
Along Across Along Across Along Across
Density
(a,c)

(pcf)
7/16 54,700 27,100 950 870 6,800 6,500 35
(a)
Mean test value.
(b)
Characteristic test value (5
th
percentile with 75% confidence).
(c)
Based on oven-dry weight and oven-dry volume.
2.4 Adhesive Materials
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) core insulation shall be adhered to wood structural
panel facers with adhesives specifically intended for the lamination of SIPS
conforming to ASTM D2559 [7] or type II class 2 in accordance with ICC ES
Acceptance Criteria AC 05 [17]. Each container of adhesive shall bear a label
with the adhesive manufacturer identification (such as name or logo), adhesive
name and type and the name (or logo) of the certifying quality assurance agency.
2.5 Lumber
Lumber framing material used for SIPs prescribed in the Prescriptive Method
shall be No. 2 Spruce-pine-fir (SPF) or equivalent. The use of wood
species/grades that meet or exceed the mechanical properties and specific
gravity of No. 2 SPF shall be permitted.
2.6 Labeling
All SIPs used in roof construction shall be identified by grade mark and/or
certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency. The identification shall
have the following minimum requirements:
• Manufacturer Identification (such as name or logo)
• Quality Assurance Agency Identification (such as name or logo)
• Conformance with this document
NAHB Research Center 11 May 2008

Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

3.0 TYPES OF CONCRETE WALL SYSTEMS
Concrete wall systems used for SIP roof connections prescribed in the
Prescriptive Method shall conform to one of the following types:
• Poured in place concrete wall
• Stay-in place concrete form wall systems (such as Insulated concrete form
(ICF) wall systems)
o Flat walls
o Screen grid walls
o Waffle-grid wall systems
• Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) block walls.
4.0 ANCHOR BOLTS AND FASTENERS
4.1 SIP Fasteners
Fasteners (such as screws) used for the connection of SIP roofs to wood top
plate(s) as specified in this document shall be corrosion resistant, have threaded
or drill point and shall be sized to penetrate a minimum of 1-3/4 inch (44.5 mm)
into the wood member to which the SIP assembly is being attached. SIP
Fasteners shall meet the following requirements:
• Minimum thread diameter 0.17 inch (4.3 mm),
• Nominal shank diameter 0.190 inch (5 mm),
• Minimum head diameter 0.4 inch (10.2 mm).
SIP fasteners shall have a minimum edge distance of 1-9/16 inch (40 mm).
4.2 Fasteners for Wood Top Plates
Fasteners (such as nails and screws) used for the connection of wood top plates
together as specified in this document shall be corrosion resistant. Galvanized
screws, nails or staples shall be permitted for plate attachments.
4.3 Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts for use with connection details as specified in this document shall
be bolts with heads complying with ASTM A 307 or ASTM F 1554. In lieu of using
bolts with heads, it is permissible to use rods with threads on both ends
fabricated from steel complying with ASTM A 36. The threaded end of the rod to
be embedded in the concrete shall be provided with a hex or square nut.
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

4.4 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors are permitted provided that the selected connector’s
capacity is equivalent to or exceeds the capacity used in the Prescriptive Method.
5.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SIP ROOFS
5.1 SIP Roofs Requirements
SIP roofs used in this Prescriptive Method shall be constructed in accordance
with the provisions of this section and manufacturers installation instructions. The
minimum nominal SIP roof panel thickness shall be 6-1/2 inches (165 mm).
5.2 Panel to Panel Connection
SIP roofs shall be inter-connected in accordance with manufacturer’s installation
instructions or approved method.
5.3 SIP Roofs Exterior Covering
SIP roof panels shall be protected from physical damage. All SIP roof panels
shall be covered with approved materials installed to provide a barrier against the
weather (such as sunlight, snow, and rain). The outer roof panel envelope shall
be designed with a water-resistive barrier behind the exterior veneer. The water-
resistive barrier shall be one layer of No. 15 felt, free from holes and breaks,
complying with ASTM D226 [15] for Type I felt or other approved equal.
6.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE WALL SYSTEMS
6.1 Design of Concrete Wall Systems
Design, specification, and construction of concrete wall systems and anchoring
the wood top plate to the top of the concrete wall systems used in this
Prescriptive Method shall be in accordance with any of the following
codes/standards:
• PCA NSDC 2007 Prescriptive Design of Exterior Concrete Walls for One- and
Two-Family Dwellings [18]
• ACI 332- Requirements for Residential Concrete Construction and
Commentary [19]
• ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete [20]
• IBC 2006 International Building Code [2]
• IRC 2006 International Residential Code [3]

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
• NCMA TR 68.A.75 Design and Construction of Plain and Reinforced
Concrete Masonry and Basement and Foundation Walls [21]
6.2 Wood Top Plate
All concrete wall systems shall be capped with a wood top plate unless designed
otherwise. Wood top plates shall be a nominal 2 inches (51 mm) in depth and
have a width equal to the nominal width of the concrete wall below. Double wood
top plate shall be face nailed using two 10d smooth shank box nails spaced at a
maximum of 12 inches (305 mm) on center.
6.3 Wood Top Plate Anchors to Concrete Wall Systems
All wood top plates shall be anchored directly to the top of the concrete wall
systems with anchor bolts spaced as required in Section 6.1 with a maximum of
6 feet (1,829 mm) on center. There shall be a minimum of two bolts per plate
section with one bolt located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) or less than
seven bolt diameters from each end of the plate section. Bolts shall be at least
1/2 inch (12.7 mm) in diameter and shall extend minimum of 7 inches (178 mm)
into masonry or concrete. Anchor straps, per approved design, can be used to
provide equivalent anchorage to 1/2-inch-diameter (12.7 mm) anchor bolts.
7.0 ROOF SIPs CONNECTION DETAILS
Roof SIPs complying with the provisions of the Prescriptive Method shall be connected
to the top of concrete wall systems in accordance with this Section, Tables 7.1 through
7.7 and Details 7.1 through 7.4. Wood top plate anchors to concrete wall systems shall
be in accordance with Section 6.1.
7.1 Fastening of SIP Roof Panels to Top Sill Plate
Roof assemblies using structural insulated panels shall be attached to the top sill
plate on concrete wall system in accordance with this section. The wood top
plate (sill) shall be anchored to the top of concrete wall systems in accordance
with Section 6.3. The thickness of the sill plate shall permit a minimum 1-3/4 inch
(44.5 mm) penetration of the screw fastener per Section 7.1.1.
7.1.1 Minimum Screw Fastener
The screw fastener used to attach SIP roof panels to the top sill plate on a
concrete wall system shall provide a minimum design lateral strength of
230 lbs/ea (104 Kg) (perpendicular and parallel to grain for screw
penetration per Section 7.1) based on AF&PA/NDS-2005 [6]. Design
withdrawal capacity, including head pull-through the SIP skin shall not be
less than 220 lbs/ea (100 Kg) except as modified by footnote 3 of Table
7.1. The minimum head diameter of the screw shall be 0.4 inches (10.2
mm) and the minimum thread root diameter shall be 0.17 inches (4.3 mm).
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
The length of screw shall be such that the threaded portion of the screw
(including the threaded or drill point) penetrates a minimum of 1-3/4 inches
(44.5 mm) into a sill plate with a minimum specific gravity of G=0.42 (e.g.,
spruce-pine-fir lumber or a denser species group). Pre-drilling a lead hole
for the screw shall be permitted in accordance with Section 11.1.4 of
AF&PA/NDS-2005 or the manufacturer’s recommendations.
7.1.2 Fastener Spacing
Fasteners shall be installed along eaves and gable ends in accordance
with the lesser fastener spacing required by Section 7.1.3 for wind loading
or Section 7.1.4 for seismic loading. Fastener spacing shall not exceed 24
inches (610 mm) on center.
Exception: Fasteners for connections for SIP roofs located in regions
with ground snow load greater than or equal to 50 psf (2.4 KPa) and
roof slopes steeper than 6:12 shall be spaced not to exceed 12 inches
(305 mm) on center.
7.1.3 Fastener Spacing to Resist Wind Loading
Fasteners along eaves shall be installed in accordance with Table 7.1.
Fasteners along gable ends shall be installed in accordance with the
lesser spacing required by Tables 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.
7.1.4 Fastener Spacing to Resist Seismic Loading
Fasteners along eaves shall be installed in accordance with Table 7.5.
Fasteners along gable ends shall be installed in accordance with the
lesser spacing required by Tables 7.5 and 7.6.
7.2 Ridge Beam
SIP roofs in structural applications shall have a ridge beam to support the panels
at the ridge. Larger roofs often require intermediate supports, in the form of
purlins or rafters, as well. In addition, temporary cross- bracing may be required
to prevent flexing of the beams during panel installation. Ridge beams and other
intermediate supports shall be constructed in accordance with an approved
design.
7.3 Ridge Beam Details
Panels shall be miter-cut at the ridge, at an angle that is slightly less than the roof
pitch, leaving a 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) gap for foam sealing. To provide structural
support at the ridge, the ridge joint shall be supported by a ridge beam or per an
approved design.
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
7.4 Roof Overhangs
SIP roofs are permitted to overhang beyond the outside rough face of sheathing,
or exterior concrete face of the exterior wall assembly by up to 24 inches (610
mm) provided that the portion of the panel not overhanging is at least twice as
long as the overhang.
7.5 Roof Penetrations
Panel edges at all roof penetrations (such as for skylights, chimneys, dormers,
flues, and others) shall be reinforced with inset 2x blocking and shall have
integral structural support in the form of specially reinforced panel sections or
external support (rafters, purlins) under the openings per an approved design.
Panel edge reinforcements are outside the scope of this Prescriptive Method.
7.6 SIP Screw Size
SIP screws shall have the minimum length as shown in Table 7.7, unless
designed otherwise.
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Table 7.1
SIP Roof Panel Wind Uplift Connection to Wood Sill Plate Along Eaves
Maximum Fastener Spacing (inches) Along Roof Eave
(30’ mean roof height)
Wind Speed, Exposure B Wind Speed, Exposure C
Roof
Pitch
Panel
Horiz.
Span
(feet)
85 90 100 110 85 90 100 110
8 33 28 21 17 23 20 15 12
12 29 24 18 14 20 17 13 10
16 26 21 16 12 18 15 11 8
1.5:12
20 23 19 14 11 16 13 10 8
8 26 22 17 13 18 15 12 9
12 23 20 15 12 16 14 11 8
16 22 18 14 11 15 13 10 8
3:12
20 20 17 12 10 14 12 8 7
8 22 19 15 12 15 13 11 8
12 20 17 13 11 14 12 9 8
16 18 16 12 10 13 11 8 7
6:12
20 17 14 11 9 12 10 8 6
8 22 19 15 12 15 13 11 8
12 20 17 13 11 14 12 9 8
16 17 15 12 9 12 11 8 6
9:12
20 16 13 10 8 11 9 7 6
8 19 16 13 10 13 11 9 7
12 16 14 11 9 11 10 8 6
16 14 13 10 8 10 9 7 6
12:12
20 13 11 9 7 9 8 6 5
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m. 1lb = 0.45 Kg
1. Maximum eave overhang shall be 2 feet.
2. For mean roof height of 15’ (4,572 mm) or less in Exposures C, multiply fastener spacing by 1.15. For a
mean roof height of greater than 30 feet (9,144 mm) and no more than 45 feet (13,716 mm) in any exposure,
multiply fastener spacing by 0.9.
3. If fastener head or washer diameter is 0.6 inches (15 mm) or greater, multiply fastener spacing by 1.4. When
this factor is used, the minimum design withdrawal capacity of the fastener shall be 308 lbs (140 Kg).

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Table 7.2
SIP Roof Panel Wind Uplift Connection to Wood Sill Plate Along Gable End
Maximum Fastener Spacing (inches) at Gable End Wall
Connection (30’ mean roof height)
Wind Speed, Exposure B Wind Speed, Exposure C
Rake
Overhang
(feet)
85 90 100 110 85 90 100 110
0 61 51 38 30 43 36 27 21
1 42 36 28 22 29 25 20 15
All
Roof
Slopes
2 32 28 22 17 22 20 15 12
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m. 1lb = 0.45 Kg.
1. For mean roof height of 15’ (4,572 mm) or less in Exposures C, multiply fastener spacing by 1.15. For a
mean roof height of greater than 30 feet (9,144 mm) and no more than 45 feet in any exposure, multiply
fastener spacing by 0.9.
2. If fastener head or washer diameter is 0.6 inches (15 mm) or greater, multiply fastener spacing by 1.4. When
this factor is used, the minimum design withdrawal capacity of the fastener shall be 308 lbs (140 Kg).

Table 7.3
SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Top for Wall
Anchorage Against Lateral Wind Loads
Maximum Fastener Spacing (inches) Along Eave and Gable
End (30’ mean roof height)
Wind Speed, Exposure B Wind Speed, Exposure C
Height of
Wall
Between
Roof and
Bottom
Support
(feet)
85 90 100 110 85 90 100 110
8 52 46 38 31 36 32 27 22
9 46 41 33 28 32 29 23 20
10 42 37 30 25 29 26 21 18
12 35 31 25 21 25 22 18 15
14 30 27 22 18 21 19 15 13
16 26 23 19 16 18 16 13 11
18 23 21 17 14 16 15 12 10
20 21 19 15 12 15 13 11 8
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m. 1ksi = 6.895 MPa.
1. For mean roof height of 15’ (4572 mm) or less in Exposures C, multiply fastener spacing by 1.15. For a
mean roof height of greater than 30 feet (9144 mm) and no more than 45 feet in any exposure, multiply
fastener spacing by 0.9.
2. If wood sill plate species is Douglas Fir or a more dense species group (specific gravity, G, equal to 0.5
or greater), multiply fastener spacing by 1.1.
3. If screw thread root diameter is increased to 0.2” (5 mm), multiply fastener spacing by 1.1. Screws of
this size shall be permitted to have a minimum F
by
of 180 ksi (1241 MPa).

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Table 7.4
SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Roof Diaphragm Shear Transfer
Maximum Fastener Spacing (inches) Along Sloped Top of Wall at Gable
End (30’ mean roof height)
Wind Speed, Exposure B Wind Speed, Exposure C
Panel
Horizontal
Span
(feet)
85 90 100 110 85 90 100 110
8 20 18 14 12 14 13 10 8
12 17 15 12 10 12 11 8 7
16 14 13 10 8 10 9 7 6
20 12 11 9 7 8 8 6 5
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m.
1. Table is based on a maximum 2:1 diaphragm aspect ratio (i.e., length of roof diaphragm in one direction is not
greater than twice the width in the other direction).

Table 7.5
SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Top for Wall
Anchorage Against Lateral Seismic Loads
Maximum Fastener Spacing (inches) Along Eave
and Gable End (30’ mean roof height)
Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Height of Wall
Between Roof and
Bottom Support
(feet)
SDC A SDC B SDC C
8 245 30 30
9 217 30 27
10 196 30 24
12 163 30 20
14 140 30 17
16 122 30 15
18 109 30 14
20 98 30 12
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m. 1 psf = 0.0479 KPa.
1. Table values apply to concrete wall system walls with total weight, including finishes, not
exceeding 82 psf (3.93 KPa).
2. For 4” (102 mm) Flat, 6” (152 mm) Waffle-grid, or 6” (152 mm) Screen-grid ICF wall systems,
multiply table values by 0.75.
3. For 8” or 10” concrete (203 and 254 mm), CMU, or Flat ICF wall systems, multiply table
values by 1.3 or 1.6, respectively.

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Table 7.6
SIP Roof Panel Connection to Wood Sill Plate for Roof
Diaphragm Seismic Shear Transfer
Maximum Fastener Spacing (inches) Along Slope of
Top of Wall at Gable End (30’ mean roof height)
Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Height of Wall
Between Roof and
Bottom Support
(feet)
SDC A SDC B SDC C
8 50 26 17
12 46 24 16
16 43 22 15
20 40 21 14
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.3 m.
1. Table is based on a maximum 2:1 diaphragm aspect ratio (i.e., length of roof diaphragm in one direction
is not greater than twice the width in the other direction).

Table 7.7
SIP Screw Sizes
SIP Panel
Thickness
Min. Screw Length
6-1/2”
8-1/4” (210 mm)
8-3/4”
10-1/2” (267 mm)
10-1/4”
12” (305 mm)
12-1/4”
14” (356 mm)
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Figure 7.1
SIP Roof to Concrete Wall Connection – Continuous Solid Sill Plate,
Taper to Match Roof Slope

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
Figure 7.2
SIP Roof to Concrete Wall Connection – Top of Concrete Wall Sloped
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Figure 7.3
SIP Roof to ICF Wall Connection - Continuous Solid Sill Plate,
Taper to Match Roof Slope
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Figure 7.4
SIP Roof to ICF Wall Connection – Top of Concrete Wall Sloped
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Figure 7.5
SIP Roof to CMU Wall Connection – Continuous Solid Sill Plate,
Taper to Match Roof Slope
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems

Figure 7.6
SIP roof to CMU Wall Connection – Top of Concrete Wall Sloped

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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
8.0 THERMAL GUIDELINES
8.1 Energy Code Compliance
The insulation value (R-value) of SIP roof systems shall meet or exceed the
applicable provisions of the IRC, local energy code, or the ICC Energy
Conservation Code [10].
8.2 Moisture
SIP roof panels shall be protected from moisture intrusion through the use of
approved exterior finishes in accordance with Section 5.3. SIP roofs that
become excessively wet or damaged shall be removed and replaced before
proceeding with the installation of additional panels or other work.
8.3 Ventilation
The natural ventilation rate of SIP buildings shall not be less than that required by
the local code or 0.35 ACH where no local code exists. When required,
mechanical ventilation shall be provided to meet the minimum air exchange rate.
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
9.0 REFERENCES
[1] Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-05). American
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. 2005.
[2] International Building Code (IBC). International Code Council (ICC). Country Club
Hills, IL. 2006.
[3] International Residential Code (IRC). International Code Council (ICC). Country
Club Hills, IL. 2006.
[4] ASTM E 84-05 Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. Pennsylvania.
2005.
[5] ASTM C 578-06 Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal
Insulation. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. Pennsylvania. 2006.
[6] ANSI/AF&PA/NDS-2005 National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood
Construction with Commentary and NDS Supplement Design Values for Wood
Construction, American Wood Council, American Forest & Paper Association,
Washington, DC. 2005.
[7] ASTM D 2559-04 Standard Specification for Adhesives for Structural Laminated
Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions. ASTM
International. West Conshohocken. Pennsylvania. 2003.
[8] ASTM E 119-05a Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
and Materials. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. Pennsylvania. 2005.
[10] International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). International Code Council (ICC).
Country Club Hills, IL. 2006.
[11] PS 2-04 Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-use Panels. APA –
The Engineered Wood Association. Tacoma, WA. 2004
[12] PS 1-95 Voluntary Product Standard for Construction and Industrial Plywood. APA
– The Engineered Wood Association. Tacoma, WA. 2004
[13] CAN/CSA-O325.0-92. Construction Sheathing. Canadian Standards Association.
Mississauga, Canada. 1992 (Reaffirmed 1998).
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Prescriptive Method for Connecting Structural Insulated Panel Roofs to Concrete Wall Systems
NAHB Research Center 29 May 2008
[14] CAN/CSA-O437 SERIES-93 Standards on OSB and Waferboard. Canadian
Standards Association. Mississauga, Canada. 1993 (Reaffirmed 2001).
[15] ASTM D226-05 Standard Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in
Roofing and Waterproofing. ASTM International. West Conshohocken.
Pennsylvania. 2005.
[16] C1002-04 Standard Specification for Steel Self-Piercing Tapping Screws for the
Application of Gypsum Panel Products or Metal Plaster Bases to Wood Studs or
Steel Studs. ASTM International. West Conshohocken. Pennsylvania. 2004.
[17] AC 05 Acceptance Criteria for Sandwich Panel Adhesives. ICC Evaluation
Service, Inc. Country Club Hills, IL. 2005
[18] PCA 100-2007 Prescriptive Design of Exterior Concrete Walls for One- and Two-
Family Dwellings. Portland Cement Association; Skokie, Illinois. 2008
[19] ACI 332-04 Requirements for Residential Concrete Construction and
Commentary. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan. 2004
[20] ACI 318-05 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
(ACI 318R-50 05). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan. 2004
[21] NCMA TR 68.A.75 Design and Construction of Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Masonry and Basement and Foundation Walls. National Concrete Masonry
Association. Herndon, VA.
[22] Prescriptive Method For Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) Used In Wall Systems
In Residential Construction. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD). Washington DC. 2007.

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