Light Steel Frame Housing

Light Steel Frame Housing

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research

Residential Steel Framing

Fire and Acoustic Details

September 2002

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

PATH (Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing) is a new private/public effort to develop, demonstrate, and gain widespread market acceptance for the “Next Generation” of American housing. Through the use of new or innovative technologies, the goal of PATH is to improve the quality, durability, environmental efficiency, and affordability of tomorrow’s homes.

PATH is managed and supported by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). In addition, all Federal Agencies that engage in housing research and technology development are PATH Partners, including the Departments of Energy and Commerce, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). State and local governments and other participants from the public sector are also partners in PATH. Product manufacturers, home builders, insurance companies, and lenders represent private industry in the PATH Partnership.

To learn more about PATH, please contact:

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Visit PD&R's Web Site www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R).

Other services of HUD USER, PD&R's Research Information Service, include listservs; special interest, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources); access to public use databases; and hotline 1-800-245-2691 for help accessing the information you need.

Residential Steel Framing Fire and Acoustic Details

Prepared for

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research Washington, DC

and

Steel Framing Alliance (SFA) Washington, DC

by

NAHB Research Center, Inc. 400 Prince George's Boulevard Upper Marlboro, MD 20774-8731

Contract No. H-21310CA

September 2002

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Disclaimer

While the information in this document is believed to be accurate, neither the authors, nor reviewers, nor the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, nor the Steel Framing Alliance, nor the NAHB Research Center, Inc., nor any of their employees or representatives make any warranty, guarantee, or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, effectiveness, or usefulness of any information, method, or material in this document, nor assumes any liability for the use of any information, methods, or materials disclosed herein, or for damages arising from such use.

Notice: The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government does not endorse producers or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the contents of this report. ii

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Acknowledgements

This report was prepared by Nader Elhajj, P.E., for the U.S. Department of Hosing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Steel Framing Alliance (SFA). Special appreciation is extended to Bill Freeborne of HUD and Kevin Bielat of the Steel Framing Alliance for their guidance and assistance throughout the project. David Dacquisto provided technical review. Linda Marchman provided administrative assistance.

Appreciation is especially extended to members of the steering committee, listed below, whose input contributed to this work.

Kevin Bielat American Iron and Steel Institute Nader Elhajj NAHB Research Center Bill Freeborne U.S. Department of HUD Steve Fox Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute Philip Grankowski National Evaluation Service, Inc. (NES) Jonathan Humble American Iron and Steel Institute Greg Ralph Dietrich Industries, Inc. Jay Larson Bethlehem Steel Corp. Bud Waters Hunt Building Corporation Dean Peyton Anderson-Peyton Consulting Engineers Jeffrey Proster Brookfield Homes Thomas Sheppard Unites States Gypsum Tim Waite Steel Framing Alliance Edward Wirtschoreck National Evaluation Service, Inc. (NES)

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Forward

The NAHB Research Center, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Steel Framing Alliance have worked cooperatively to introduce cold-formed steel framing into the residential construction market and to provide objective builders and homeowners with a cost-effective alternative construction material. To accomplish this objective, many barriers have been overcome. However, one of the remaining barriers is the lack of adequate fire and acoustic details.

In response, HUD and the Steel Framing Alliance commissioned the NAHB Research Center to review current knowledge and develop a comprehensive list of fire and acoustic ratings for tested cold-formed steel assemblies. This “listing” is a state-of-the-art resource for the residential and light commercial building designers. A list of needed details and construction assemblies is also identified and recommended for testing.

Harold L. Bunce Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Executive Summary

Cold-formed steel has been widely used in commercial buildings, especially in non-load bearing (partitions) and curtain wall applications. Cold-formed steel sections are increasingly being used as primary structural members, such as beams, floor joists, and load-bearing walls in commercial and residential construction.

Despite the availability of cold-formed steel framing, there are still basic barriers that impede its adoption in the residential market. Probably one of the primary barriers is that the building industry is generally reluctant to adopt alternative building methods and materials unless they exhibit clear quality or performance advantages. The fire and acoustical performance of cold-formed floor and wall assemblies are important considerations when designing residential and light commercial structures. However, there is little information available in the United States (US) on fire ratings and sound transmission class ratings of cold-formed steel assemblies and the available information is dispersed and not readily accessible to end users.

This report investigates regulatory requirements, available test data, and typical practices relating to acoustics and fire protection of cold-formed steel framing. The intention is to give an overview of current regulations, as well as a “snap shot” of available fire and acoustic cold-formed steel assemblies.

This document starts by providing an overview of fire and acoustic requirements of cold-formed steel assemblies and the characteristics of such assemblies as related to fire and acoustic performance. A detailed description of current building codes and building code requirements for the fire protection and acoustical insulation of cold-formed steel assemblies follows. A comprehensive list of tested fire- and sound-rated assemblies is provided. Finally, recommendations are given to direct future tests and research. vii

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Contents

LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XI LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XII GLOSSARY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIII 1 INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 OBJECTIVE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 RESIDENTIAL COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING ----------------------------------------------- 1 1.3 INTEGRATION OF FIRE AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE--------------------------------------- 2 2 FIRE CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING------------------- 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2.2 COLD-FORMED STEEL AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES --------------------------------------- 3 2.3 FIRE PROTECTION OF COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING BY GYPSUM BOARD -------------- 4 2.4 IMPORTANCE OF FIRE PROTECTION------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3 ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING ---------- 6 3.1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 3.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND TRANSMISSION --------------------------------------------------- 6 3.3 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3.3.1 Single Figure Ratings --------------------------------------------------------------------10 3.4.2 Spectrum Adaptation Terms -------------------------------------------------------------10 3.3.3 Frequency Ranges ------------------------------------------------------------------------10 3.4 ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING------------------------10 3.4.1 Separating Walls --------------------------------------------------------------------------12 3.4.2 Separating Floors-------------------------------------------------------------------------13 3.4.3 Impact Sound Transmission -------------------------------------------------------------14 4 BUILDING CODES, CLASSIFICATION AND OCCUPANCY ----------------------------16 4.1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 4.2 U.S. BUILDING CODES --------------------------------------------------------------------------16 4.2.1 Model Code Organizations --------------------------------------------------------------16 4.2.2 Methods of Approval ---------------------------------------------------------------------20 4.3 BUILDING CLASSIFICATION---------------------------------------------------------------------21 4.3.1 IBC Use and Occupancy Classification------------------------------------------------21 4.3.2 Types of Construction --------------------------------------------------------------------22 5 FIRE AND ACOUSTIC CODE REQUIREMENTS -------------------------------------------23 5.1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 5.2 FIRE REQUIREMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------23 5.2.1 IBC Fire Requirements-------------------------------------------------------------------25 5.2.2 BOCA Fire-Resistance Requirements --------------------------------------------------28 5.2.3 UBC Fire-Resistance Requirements ---------------------------------------------------29 5.2.3 SBC Fire-Resistance Requirements----------------------------------------------------30 5.2.4 IRC, CABO and ICC IOTFDC Fire Requirements -----------------------------------31 ix

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.3 ACOUSTICAL REQUIREMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------33 5.4 DETERMINATION OF FIRE AND ACOUSTIC RATINGS -----------------------------------------34 5.4.1 Determination of Fire-Resistance Ratings---------------------------------------------34 5.4.2 Determination of STC and IIC Ratings-------------------------------------------------35 6 FIRE AND ACOUSTIC DETAILS - INDUSTRY LITERATURE -----------------------37 6.1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 6.2 FIRE-RATED ASSEMBLIES ----------------------------------------------------------------------37 6.3 ACOUSTIC ASSEMBLIES -------------------------------------------------------------------------41 7 FIRE-RATED AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE RATED DETAILS ---------------43 7.1 FIRE RATED ASSEMBLIES-----------------------------------------------------------------------43 7.1.1 Walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 7.1.2 Floors---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 7.2 STC AND IIC RATED ASSEMBLIES ------------------------------------------------------------56 7.2.1 Walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 7.2.2 Floors---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 8 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH ON FIRE RATING AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE OF COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING ----------------------------61 8.1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 8.2 FIRE RATING RESEARCH SUMMARY-----------------------------------------------------------61 8.2 ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE RESEARCH SUMMARY ----------------------------------------64 9 FIRE AND ACOUSTIC RESEARCH AND TESTING NEEDS FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 9.1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 9.2 RESEARCH NEEDS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 10. REFERENCES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69

APPENDIX A - LIST OF U.S. FIRE- AND SOUND-RATED STEEL ASSEMBLIES APPENDIX B - LIST OF CANADIAN FIRE- AND SOUND-RATED STEEL ASSEMBLIES APPENDIX C – METRIC CONVERSION x

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

List of Tables

Table 3.1 - STC Of Various Construction Materials ---------------------------------------------------- 7 Table 3.2 - Comparative Performance of Sound Insulation For An Ambient Noise Level of 30db-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Table 4.1 - International Codes - Adoption By State---------------------------------------------------19 Table 4.2 – Assembly Group Occupancy (Based On 2000 IBC) -------------------------------------22 Table 4.3 - Types Of Construction (2000 IBC) ---------------------------------------------------------22 Table 5.1 - Required Separation Between Dwelling Units (Hours) ----------------------------------25 Table 5.2 – Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements For Building Elements (Hours)----------------26 Table 5.3 – Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements For Exterior Walls Based on Fire Separation Distance (Hours) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 Table 5.4 – Fire Wall Fire-Resistance Ratings----------------------------------------------------------27 Table 5.5 – Required Automatic Fire Sprinkler (AFS) Per 2000 IBC and 2000 IRC--------------27 Table 5.6 – Fire-Resistive Requirements For Structural Components Per The 1999 NBC -------28 Table 5.7 – Fire-Resistive Requirements For Structural Components Per The 1997 UBC -------29 Table 5.8 – Fire-Resistive Requirements For Structural Components Per The 1999 SBC--------30 Table 5.9 – Fire-Resistant Separation Requirements in The IRC, CABO & OTFDC -------------31 Table 5.10 - STC And IIC Requirements Selected Codes---------------------------------------------33 Table 5.11 - Test Methods For Fire-Rated Steel Assemblies -----------------------------------------34 Table 5.12 - Test Methods For Acoustical Insulation --------------------------------------------------35 Table 6.1 - Summary of Industry Literature-------------------------------------------------------------38 Table 6.2 - Fire-Resistance Design Manual-Gypsum Systems ---------------------------------------40 Table 6.3 – Fire Ratings of Tested Cold-Formed Steel Assemblies----------------------------------41 Table 6.4 - Summary Of Industry Literature ------------------------------------------------------------42 Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing ---------------------------------------43 Table 7.2 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Load Bearing ---------------------------------------------50 Table 7.3 – Fire-Rated Floor Assemblies----------------------------------------------------------------54 Table 7.4 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating ---------------------------------------------------57 Table 7.5 – Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating ---------------------------------------------------------58 Table 7.6 – STC/IIC Rated Floor Assemblies-----------------------------------------------------------59 xi

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Typical Cold-Formed Steel Sections

2 Figure 2.1 Strength of Steel at Elevated Temperatures Relative to Normal Yield Strength

4 Figure 3.1 Direct and Flanking Transmission

9 Figure 3.2 Schematic Showing the Principle of Double Layer Construction with Associated Acoustic Benefit

11 Figure 3.3 Sound Transmission Paths Through Cold-Formed Steel Walls

12 Figure 3.4 Typical Characteristics of a Double Steel Stud Separating Wall

13 Figure 3.5 Impact Sound with Different Surface Layers

14 Figure 4.1 Geographical Distribution of the I-Codes

18

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Glossary

Absorbers. Materials that have the capacity to absorb sound, such as acoustical tile and panels, carpeting, draperies and upholstered furniture.

Acoustics. The science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effect.

Acoustic boards. These boards are denser than regular wallboard but somewhat more flexible. As a general rule they Acoustic Boards give a sound reduction of about 2 dB greater than regular wallboard in typical partitions.

Decibel. A unit adopted for convenience in representing vastly different sound pressures. It is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the sound pressure to a reference pressure of 0.0002 dyne/cm 2 . This reference pressure is considered the lowest value that the ear can detect.

Draft Stop. Building materials installed in concealed passages of building components such as attics, crawl spaces, and ceiling/floor assemblies to restrict the movement of air, smoke, and gases through large passages within those components to other areas of the building.

Frequency. The number of times that an action occurs in a given time period. In sound, the number of complete vibration cycles per second represented by the unit hertz (Hz).

Fire Separation. A construction assembly that acts as a barrier against the spread of fire.

Fire-Resistance. Fire-resistance designates the ability of a laboratory-constructed assembly to contain a fire in a carefully controlled test setting for a specified period of time.

Fire-Resistance Rating. The time in hours or fractions thereof that a material or assembly of materials will withstand the passage of flame and the transmission of heat when exposed to fire under specified test and performance criteria as prescribed by the applicable code.

Firestopping (or Fireblocking). Building materials installed to prevent or slow the movement of flames and gases to other areas of a building through small concealed passages in building components such as floors, walls, and stairs.

Fire Protection System. System, such as water fed sprinklers that provide early and automatic detection and suppression of developing fires.

Firewall. A type of fire separation of noncombustible construction which subdivides a building or separates adjoining buildings to resist the spread of fire and which has a fire-resistance rating as prescribed by the applicable building code and has sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.

Hertz (Hz). The unit of measure of frequency, representing cycles per second. Named for Heinrich R. Hertz, noted German physicist.

Impact Insulation Class (IIC). A numerical evaluation of a floor-ceiling assembly’s effectiveness in retarding the transmission of impact sound. The U.S. Federal Housing Administration developed this single number rating. xiii

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Impact Noise Rating (INR). A single-number rating based on standardized test performance, for evaluating the effectiveness of assemblies in isolating impact sound transmission. INR rating method is being replaced by the Impact Insulation Class (IIC).

Impact Sound Pressure Level (ISPL). The sound pressure (in decibels) measured in a receiving room, resulting from the transmission of impact sound through a floor construction, produced by a standard “tapping” machine.

Occupancy. The use or intended use function of a building or part thereof for the shelter or support of persons, animals, or property.

Occupancy Classification. The level of hazard associated with identification of the occupancy of the building dictates a level of fire-resistance necessary to protect the occupants of the building.

Octave. The interval between a sound of one frequency and a sound with a frequency that is exactly double the first.

Octave Band. A frequency spectrum, which is one octave wide. Bands of one-third octave are used for recording sound test results and are designated by the center frequency of the band.

Party Wall. A fire wall on an interior lot line used or adapted for joint service between two buildings (such as between townhouses).

Sound Pressure level (SPL). Expressed in decibels, the SPL is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the pressure of sound to the reference pressure 0.0002 dynes per square centimeter.

Sound. The transfer of sound energy from one place to another, through air, structure, or other conductor.

Sound Transmission Class (STC). A rating system used to measure the insulation (or isolation) of airborne sound provided by a barrier. STC is determined from a sound-transmission-loss curve obtained from a standardized test of a large-scale specimen. The higher the STC rating, the more soundproof the construction.

Sound Transmission Loss (STL). The difference between the sound energy (sound pressure level) in a source room and a receiving room when the two rooms are separated by the system being tested. In general, the transmission loss increases with frequency, i.e. the higher the frequency the greater the sound transmission loss.

Wallboard. The most common gypsum board used. Typically the gypsum core density is 44.9 lb/ft 3 (720 kg/m 3 ) giving a wallboard mass of about 1.85 lb/ft 2 (9 kg/m 2 ) for 1/2” (12.5 mm) board thickness. Standard thicknesses are 9.5 mm (3/8”), 7/16” (12 mm), 1/2” (12.5 mm), 9/16” (15 mm), 5/8” (15.9 mm), and 3/4" (19 mm). Standard width is 48 inches (1200 mm).

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

1 Introduction

There are increasing demands for improvements in standards of construction quality, comfort and performance in housing. The residential construction market in the United States (U.S.) is constantly looking for new and improved methods for construction of residential buildings.

The market for cold-formed steel (CFS) framing in residential construction is potentially large as the construction benefits of durability, high strength, reliability, versatility recyclability, long life, and adaptability are realized.

An important consideration in many residential construction applications is fire and acoustical performance. However, this information is not easily found and may not be available for construction assemblies most relevant to residential construction. Therefore, this report provides an overview of the current U.S. building codes requirements related to fire and acoustic performance, and a compilation of fire- and acoustic-rated CFS assemblies. From this initial effort, additional fire and acoustic assemblies were identified for future tests and ratings.

This report focuses on residential construction, however, certain sections address light commercial applications, as the two markets possess similar characteristics when fire and sound ratings are involved.

1.1 Objective

The objectives of this report is:

• To increase the understanding of the acoustic and fire performance of CFS framing construction. • To provide information on required levels and fire protection performance for dwellings using cold-formed steel framing. • To provide information on fire and acoustic issues to consider when designing buildings with cold-formed steel framing. • To identify gaps in available information to direct future research and dissemination activity.

1.2 Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing

Light steel framing is now used successfully for housing in many countries (such as Canada, Australia, Japan, Korea, and the U.S.). In the United States approximately 1% of new housing starts are CFS [1]. CFS is also being used for applications such as fire separation walls within hot rolled steel-framed apartment and commercial buildings.

CFS framing is a term commonly used to refer to light-gauge steel members with thicknesses ranging from 0.033 to 0.118 inches (0.84 to 3.00 mm) that are produced by roll forming. These members may be wall studs, track, floor joists, roof rafters, bridging channels, furring channels, or related accessories (see Figure 1.1). Also included are non-load bearing drywall studs, which 1

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

have a steel thickness ranging from 0.018 to 0.033 inches (0.46 to 0.84 mm). CFS construction can use individual steel components or prefabricated panels, assembled on site using self-tapping screws to create a whole building structure.

The Steel Framing Alliance in cooperation with HUD and the NAHB Research Center, have standardized the residential steel framing members and produced a prescriptive approach to residential cold-formed steel framing [2]. This prescriptive approach was later adopted by U.S. building codes including the 1995 CABO One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code [3], the 1998 International One and Two Family Dwelling Code [17] and the International Residential Code (2000 IRC) [4]. SFS C section Zed section Plain C section Lipped C section Multichannel Swagebeam Multibeam Box C sectionBack-to-back C sections Figure 1.1 – Typical Cold-Formed Steel Sections

1.3 Integration of Fire and Acoustic Performance

Any evaluation of a construction method must look not only at the structural requirements but also at the total performance of the building. Two current technical issues regarding residential (and commercial) buildings are fire-resistance and acoustic performance. The methods used to achieve good acoustic performance and protection from fire are often similar and have an impact on each other. Requirements for fire separation and acoustic insulation in many building codes affect the same elements of the construction.

Principally, “acoustic separation is required in common interior walls, partition and floor ceiling assemblies between adjacent dwelling units and between adjacent dwelling units and adjacent public areas such as halls, corridors, stairs or service areas (Section 1206.1 of 2000 IBC [21]). Methods for achieving fire protection and good acoustic performance of CFS framing are 2

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

inevitably closely linked, and the provision of acoustic and fire separation is often achieved using the same constructions and materials.

2 Fire Characteristics of Cold-Formed Steel Framing

2.1 Introduction

Cold-formed steel (CFS) is widely used in commercial buildings, especially in non-load bearing (partitions) and curtain wall applications. CFS sections are also used as primary structural members such as load-bearing walls in commercial and residential construction. Although in single family dwellings CFS sections are not required to be fire resistant, in multi-family and commercial construction these members are often required to be fire resistant when they are part of a fire separation wall or where they support other floors required to be fire-resistant, floor/ceiling or roof ceiling assembly which includes structural elements such as columns, beams and girders.

Building codes frequently require a fire-resistance rating for steel-framed assemblies. The rating is based on fire tests conducted in accordance with recognized standard test methods. Fire rating of an assembly is a measurement that indicates how long the assembly will resist the spread of fire while maintaining structural integrity. Fire-resistance ratings are expressed by the number of hours (or minutes) that a wall assembly can maintain its integrity while containing the fire, smoke, and temperature of a working fire.

Life safety, and specifically fire protection, has been and will always be a primary concern of the building codes. Current U.S. building codes have significant requirements regulating the use of fire-rated assemblies, the installation of fire stopping (or fire blocking), draft stopping, and fire suppression systems.

Fire protection and fire separation between dwelling units are becoming more significant issues for the CFS framing industry as the technology is being adopted for taller apartment buildings and multi-family dwellings. Similarly, apartment buildings present additional acoustic separation challenges, particularly in floor construction. Furthermore, CFS frame elements are increasingly being integrated into steel framed buildings and the acoustic and fire performance data is needed.

2.2 Cold-Formed Steel at Elevated Temperatures

Cold-formed steel-framed structures are inherently non-combustible, and do not contribute to fire spread. However, the load bearing capacity of steel at elevated temperatures depends on the temperature level and temperature distribution within the steel components. CFS possesses little fire-resistance because the steel sections tend to heat up quickly if directly exposed to fire. Therefore, it is imperative to provide some additional fire protection in most applications to ensure stability of the structure or the integrity of structural walls in fire conditions.

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

The modulus of elasticity and strength of steel decrease as its temperature rises and the temperature gradient through the section causes additional bending moments in the stud. According to a British Steel report [5], steel is maintained at its full strength until it reaches a temperature of 750ºF (400ºC). Above that temperature the strength quickly decreases. The loss of strength (yield strength) of CFS at elevated temperatures exceeds that of hot rolled steel by between 10 and 20% based on data obtained from tests performed by British Steel [5] as represented in Figure 2.1. According to tests conducted in the United States [6] using the ASTM E119 [7] method, average steel temperatures at wall failure ranged from 740ºF (390ºC) to over 1000ºF (530ºC) with one wall attaining temperatures of 1,800ºF (980ºC). This wide range of failure temperatures illustrates that endurance under fire conditions is more dependent on the composition of the assembly than on the steel itself. Moreover, Klippstein [6] concluded that the size of steel sections has an effect on the load bearing capacity as the temperature increases. Thus, structural integrity during a fire is dependent on fire protection measures.

Fire protection measures can be achieved in a number of ways, but most commonly appropriate (board) coverings are used to surround the steel with fire resisting materials. Board materials such as gypsum boards, cementitious boards or gypsum fiberboards for walls and ceilings and timber based boards for floors can readily provide up to 120 minutes of fire protection. The use of mineral wool insulation materials also adds to the fire protection.

Strength of Steel at Elevated Temperatures Relative to Normal Yield Strength 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Temperature (ºC) Strength Retension Cold- Formed Steel Hot Rolled Steel Figure 2.1 - Strength of Steel at Elevated Temperatures Relative to Normal Yield Strength Source: British Steel [5]

2.3 Fire Protection of Cold-Formed Steel Framing By Gypsum Board

CFS framing generally achieves fire separation by the use of layers of gypsum board. When exposed to fire the free water and chemically combined water in the gypsum is gradually driven off at temperatures above approximately 212ºF (100ºC). This causes a temperature plateau on the 4

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

unexposed face of the lining. This process of removal of chemically combined water is called calcination and results in a loss of strength and shrinkage of the sheet material. The resultant product is a powder, which has much less strength than the original gypsum. Further gradual product disassociation occurs at temperatures exceeding 392ºF (200ºC).

Gypsum panel and plasterboard manufacturers typically provide fire data based on laboratory fire tests. In the U.S., these tests are carried out to ASTM E119 [7]. In general, a fire-resistance rating of 30 minutes is readily achievable using one layer of 1/2-inch (12.8 mm) gypsum wallboard and 60 minutes is achieved using multiple layers of gypsum wallboard. Greater periods of fire protection are also possible using additional layers. Cementitious board or gypsum fiberboard of varying thickness can also be used to replace one or more of the gypsum boards. Furthermore, when multiple layers of boards are used, their joints should be staggered to maximize integrity in fire.

2.4 Importance of Fire Protection

Building codes typically set the acceptable height and area limits of buildings based on the combustion characteristics of the structure. Because low-rise residential buildings are typically smaller than other types of buildings, they only have to meet minimum fire requirements. Such construction is often termed “Combustible – Unprotected” in building codes (for single family dwellings and townhouses).

Fire ratings and fire separation requirements vary based on the type of construction. All U.S. building codes require that exterior wall construction within some distance from the property line be of one-hour construction. One-hour fire resistive walls that are continuous to the underside of the roof sheathing, on the other hand, must separate dwelling units in a two-family dwelling. A two-hour separation is usually required between townhouse units. Two-hour fire-rated wall and floor assemblies are required between units in multifamily buildings. The most common method of achieving the required fire separation is by using drywall or plasterboard. It is a challenge for designers and builders to use a common detail that satisfies both the fire separation and acoustic insulation requirements (i.e., STC). For example, while it is easy to achieve the fire separation requirements, it is usually difficult to achieve the acoustic rating (STC or IIC) in floors of apartment buildings. Therefore, fire-rated steel assemblies should satisfy both fire and acoustic requirements to the greatest extent possible.

It is necessary to consider the detail design of walls and floors and in particular the junctions between elements and the potential effect of penetrations through the lining boards to meet the requirements for fire and also to achieve the required acoustic performance.

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

3 Acoustic Characteristics of Cold-Formed Steel Framing

3.1 Introduction

Acoustic insulation criteria often influence the design of floors and walls in multi-occupancy dwellings such as townhouses, apartments, assisted living facilities, and hotels. Even in single- family dwellings it may be necessary (although rarely) to consider some method of sound reduction (attenuation) between some rooms. Although sound insulation construction will add to building costs, the expenses of correcting acoustical mistakes usually are several-fold higher. In addition, complaints from occupants can affect the acceptance and long-term viability of construction systems. Issues such as flanking transmission can be significant and could reduce the effectiveness of the overall acoustic rating of a specific structure. A proper detail is one that provides required fire separation, adequate acoustical insulation, and proper thermal insulation.

Sound and vibration sources are usually associated with speech and noise from normal occupant activities, such as traffic, music, and mechanical equipment. During sound transmission in buildings and other structures, some of the sound energy is absorbed or dissipated, some is reflected from various surfaces, and some is transmitted through the building materials and furnishings. Builders and designers are usually interested in reducing or eliminating the amount of sound transmitted through building materials by means of barriers and enclosures, acoustically absorbent materials, and other materials and systems properly shaped and assembled.

3.2 Fundamentals of Sound Transmission

Sound levels and sound insulation values are expressed in decibels (dB). The dB rating is a representation of the magnitude of the sound (i.e., measure of the amount of sound transmitted from one medium to another or from one room to another).

The sound rating of building materials or construction assemblies is typically given in a Sound Transmission Class (STC). The STC is a rating system used to measure the insulation (or isolation) of airborne sound provided by a barrier. STC is determined from a sound-transmission- loss curve obtained from a standardized test of a large-scale specimen. The higher the STC rating, the more soundproof the construction. Table 3.1 provides typical STC ratings of common building construction materials.

Sound insulation is an interrelationship between loudness of the source side, the acoustic performance of the dividing barrier and the background noise level on the receiving side of the barrier. The background noise plays an important part. Apartments located in quiet suburbs need higher sound insulation between units than apartments located on busy roads.

Table 3.2 indicates the situation of different noise sources likely to occur in a typical apartment, and their relative audibility for a typical suburban background noise level of 40 dB. This relates to 30 dB background in the apartment with the windows open. 6

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 3.1 - STC of Various Construction Materials Building Component STC ¼-inch plate glass 26 ¾-inch plywood 28 ½-inch gypsum board, both sides of 2x4 studs 33 ¼-inch steel plate 36 Concrete block: Autoclaved aerated 45 3-inch concrete wall 47 6-inc Reinforced concrete slab (4-1/8” thick) 44 6-inch concrete block wall 42 8-inch reinforced concrete wall 51 12-inch concrete block wall 53 12-inch Brick 56 2x4 wood studs (16” o.c.) with 1/2” GWB both sides 33-39 1-5/8 inch steel studs (24” o.c.) with 1/2” GWB both sides 39 3-5/8 inch steel studs (24” o.c.) with 5/8” GWB both sides 40-44 3-5/8 inch steel studs (24” o.c.) with 1/2” GWB both sides 39 Source: Australian Building Code Board [8], HUD Report [9], LGSEA [10]. For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm

Table 3.2 - Comparative Performance of Sound Insulation for an Ambient Noise Level of 30dB STC (dB) Value Using Steel-Framed Assemblies Type of Noise

40 45 50 55 60 Normal Speech Audible Just audible Not audible - - Raised Speech Clearly audible Audible Just audible Not audible - Dinner Party/Laughter Clearly audible Audible Just audible Not audible Not audible Shouting Clearly audible Clearly audible Audible Just audible Not audible Small Television/Small Entertainment System Clearly audible Clearly audible Audible Just audible Not audible Large Television/Large Entertainment System Clearly audible Clearly audible Clearly audible Audible Just audible DVD with Surround Sound Clearly audible Clearly audible Clearly audible Audible Audible Digital Television with Surround Sound Clearly audible Clearly audible Clearly audible Audible Audible Source: Australian Building Code Board [8]. 7

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

There are three types of sound transmission:

Airborne Sound Transmission between rooms can be measured by generating a steady sound of a particular frequency in one room (source room) and comparing it with sound pressure level in an adjacent room (receiving room). The level difference is simply the difference between the source and the receiving levels. However, the level difference is influenced by the acoustic absorption in the receiving room. This is measured by the reverberation time (the time taken for a reverberant noise to decay by 60 dB).

Impact Sound Transmission tends to be most relevant for floors. It arises from a variety of sources, most notably the movement of people within a building, but also from such things as the slamming of doors. A standard impact sound source (tapping machine) is used to strike the floor and the impact sound pressure level is measured in the room below. Measurements in a building can be standardized to a reverberation time of 0.5 seconds, giving the Standardized Impact Sound Pressure level.

Structure-Borne Sound Transmission occurs when building elements (walls, floors) are set into vibratory motion by direct mechanical contact with vibrating sources (such as mechanical equipment or domestic appliances).

Building regulations typically set out requirements for airborne sound insulation of walls between dwellings (separating walls), and both airborne sound insulation and impact sound transmission for floors between dwellings (separating floors). Structure-borne sound transmission is not typically addressed in building codes. Reduction in sound transmission from the airborne and impact sound transmission sources is generally achieved by adopting special multi-layered construction (such as resilient layers in floors) or introducing additional mass. Adding resilient layers (such as dense fiberboard) to floors will significantly improve impact sound transmission.

Transmission of airborne noise from one room to an adjoining room, separated by a continuous intervening partition, can occur by two routes:

1. directly through the separating structure (direct transmission), and 2. around the separating structure through adjacent building elements (i.e., through other walls, ceilings and floors, or through corridors adjacent to such rooms) (flanking transmission).

Flanking and direct transmissions are illustrated in Figure 3.1.

Sound insulation for the flanking and direct transmission are controlled by the following characteristics:

• Mass • Sealing • Isolation

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Sound Source Flanking Transmission Direct Transmission Figure 3.1 – Direct and Flanking Transmission

Direct transmission is easy to predict by conducting laboratory tests because it depends on the properties of the separating walls. On the other hand, flanking transmission, is far more complex and much more difficult to trace or predict because it is influenced by the building configuration and orientation. Flanking transmission is usually the more serious offender and commonly occurs with airborne as well as structure-borne noise.

Sound transmission across solid walls or single skin (one layer) partitions obeys the mass law principle. The mass law suggests that the sound insulation of a solid element increases by 5 dB per doubling of mass. The mass law principle, however, does not apply to light frame construction, which achieves a far better sound insulation than the law would suggest. This behavior is due to the presence of a cavity and the degree of isolation between the different layers of construction. The overall performance of a double skin (two layers) partition can therefore be determined by simply adding together the sound insulation ratings of its constituent elements, whereas the mass law would have suggested only a 5-dB improvement.

3.3 Methods of Measurement

Humans experience sound at a range of frequencies (high or low pitch), and most sounds are a mixture of several different frequencies. However, the sound insulation effectiveness of walls and floors vary with sound vibration frequency and so certain frequencies within any sound are likely to be attenuated more effectively than others by any given construction. Low frequency sounds are generally attenuated less than high frequency sounds, particularly in lightweight constructions. Therefore, sound insulation characteristics of walls and floors are normally measured at a number of different frequencies across the hearing range, usually 16 bands from 100 Hz to 3150 Hz (one third octave bands). However, there is increasing concern about the importance of low frequency sound as many typical noise disturbances such as heavy beat music and traffic noise are strong at the low frequencies. There are some problems with measurement at low frequencies, but methods that more accurately reflect the low frequency performance of walls and floors are being increasingly researched. 9

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

3.3.1 Single Figure Ratings

Single Figure Rating is widely used in the United States and Europe. This method assigns a single value (such as STC rating) for a certain assembly. The rating value is derived from comparing a number of measured test results to a set of reference results (a reference curve) over a known frequency range (refer to Table 3.1 for typical STC values of certain construction materials).

3.4.2 Spectrum Adaptation Terms

The shape of the reference curves used in the single figure ratings reflects the way sound is perceived by the human ear. However, the Europeans introduced Spectrum Adaptation Terms to take into account different spectra of noise (living activity and traffic noise) and to assess sound insulation curves with very low values in a single frequency band (the validity of the rating achieved with the reference curve alone is limited for such cases) [11].

3.3.3 Frequency Ranges

Sound insulation capabilities of walls and floors vary with the frequency of the noise. Sound transmission from any given construction will be attenuated at certain frequencies more effectively than others. Recognizing this fact, the Europeans adopted a frequency range that allows some flexibility in calculation of the spectrum adaptation terms [11].

3.4 Acoustic Characteristics of Cold-Formed Steel Framing

For sound to be transmitted it requires an elastic medium where particles vibrate. The most common medium is air, but sound is also transmitted through building materials. When airborne sound is generated, air particles vibrate, and when they encounter stiff building elements they induce oscillations in these materials that in turn induce oscillations in the air in neighboring rooms. Impact sound occurs when an impact to a building element induces oscillations within that element that are transferred into the neighboring air and through other building elements.

Traditionally, acoustic insulation has been associated with high ‘mass’, which reduces the vibrations that are induced by any given sound energy level. However, this practice is often inefficient and ill suited for prefabrication and stick-frame steel construction. Lightweight constructions are designed with a different approach including the use of:

separate layers of mass, • • • • resilient layers to reduce the transmission of sound between mass layers, isolation between multiple layers of materials, and absorbent layers.

Such practices have been shown to provide high levels of sound insulation between dwellings or rooms.

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Layered Construction

30 dB 30 dB 200 mm Approximately 60 dB 36 dB Figure 3.2- Schematic Showing the Principle of Double Layer Construction with Associated Acoustic Benefits 8” Cold-formed steel (light-frame) constructions provide far better standards of sound insulation than the mass law would suggest. This is achieved by separating the layers that make up the element from each other as far as possible to act independently. Thus, in separating walls, two parallel stud walls are often constructed close to each other, which have minimal structural connection, each with a gypsum board internal finish. These act to a large extent as two independent walls and the acoustic separation can be nearly doubled. Increasing the mass of each layer by adding additional layers of gypsum (or plaster) boards will increase mass and so further improve acoustic insulation.

Figure 3.2 illustrates the importance of acoustic separation. The acoustic insulation of individual elements within a double-layer wall tends to combine together in a simple cumulative linear relationship, as long as the two layers are largely structurally separate. The overall performance of a double skin wall, for instance, can generally be determined by simply adding together the sound insulation ratings of its constituent parts. In this way, two comparatively lightweight walls of say 30-dB sound reduction can be combined to give acoustically enhanced wall with a 60-dB sound reduction. However, the mass law would only suggest a 6-dB improvement [12].

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3.4.1 Separating Walls

A typical cold-formed steel single stud wall has three possible paths for sound transmission (Figure 3.3).

1 2 3 Figure 3.3 - Sound Transmission Paths Through Cold-Formed Steel Walls 1 Direct transmission 2 Transmission through the region of the stud 3 Flanking transmission. The most significant problems are generally caused by transmission due to the effect of the studs. The studs transfer the vibrations in one wall lining directly to the other and thus to the room beyond. To improve acoustic performance the structural links between the two gypsum board layers should be reduced so the wall acts as two independent leaves. This can be achieved in a number of ways:

• Two separate parallel stud walls are often constructed with a small cavity (0.8 to 2 inches) (20–50 mm) between them. They have minimal structural connection, each with a gypsum board finish to the room side. The walls act to a large extent as two independent walls and the acoustic separation can be nearly doubled. • The studs can be designed to reduce the transfer of sound, which can be achieved by introducing some resilience within the web or by the detail design of the shape of the stud. • The connection between the gypsum board lining and the steel can use resilient connections, which allow some flexibility and reduce sound transmission. The connection can be achieved by the use of cold-formed resilient steel channels (also called bars) or acoustic profiles that have a corrugated web and are installed perpendicular to the studs and to which the gypsum board is attached.

Figure 3.4 shows a typical separating wall, constructed of cold-formed steel, used commonly in multi-family dwellings.

Increasing the mass of each wall lining by adding additional layers of gypsum board will further improve acoustic insulation. Other enhancements include acoustic absorbent materials, usually rock wool, or glass wool within the space between the two leaves or within one or both frames, and additional sheathing layers on the cavity side of each leaf.

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Figure 3.4 - Typical Characteristics of a Double Steel Stud Separating Wall 1. 2 layers of 5/8” gypsum wallboard 2. 3-1/2” deep steel stud at 24” on center 3. 3” thick rock wool insulation between studs (within one or both leaves) 4. 3/4” clear cavity 5. 3-1/2” steel stud (43 mil thick steel) at 24” on center 6. 3” thick rock wool insulation between studs (within one or both leaves) 7. 2 layers of 5/8” gypsum wallboard 2 3 4 5 1 6 7

3.4.2 Separating Floors

One or more of the following achieves the required airborne sound insulation in CFS floors:

• structural separation between layers, • appropriate mass in each layer, • sound absorbent quilt, or • minimising flanking transmission at floor-wall junctions.

The different layers of a typical CFS floor are as follows:

Ceiling

Usually one or more layers of gypsum board are fixed to the steel floor joists through resilient channels (resilient ceiling). The use of resilient channels improves both airborne and impact sound insulation compared to gypsum boards fixed directly to the joists. However, the resilient ceiling amplifies the sound pressure levels near the natural resonant frequencies of the floor, which occur in the range of 25 to 50 Hz. Thus, in general resilient ceilings decrease impact sound insulation at frequencies below 50 Hz, which are the frequencies generated by walking.

Floor Structure

Cold-formed steel floor joists can be covered with a wood-based board (plywood, OSB or chipboard), a cement particleboard or reinforced gypsum fiberboard. Alternatively, a profiled steel deck can be used with a gypsum board laid on top to provide a base for a resilient layer. To increase mass (and consequently improve performance) a concrete topping of 2 to 2.75 inches (50 to 70 mm) can be laid on the profiled steel deck. Acoustic absorbent, in the form of mineral wool, can also be inserted between the steel joists.

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Floating Floor

In separating floors, a layer of resilient material, usually in the form of dense mineral wool insulation (3.75 to 6.25 lb/ft 3 ; 60 to 100 kg/m 3 ) is usually placed on the structural floor deck and the finish floor layer of appropriate sheathing material is laid on top. Sometimes a layer of gypsum board is inserted under or on top of the resilient layer. The effect of the floating floor can be a 5 to 8 dB improvement in impact sound insulation and also a significant improvement in airborne sound insulation [13,14,15].

Floor Covering

The improvement in impact sound insulation of soft floor coverings on light CFS floors with a floating floor is less than for heavyweight CFS floors. Research has shown that soft floor coverings have a greater impact in filtering out high frequency sound than low frequency sounds [13,16]. Thus, carpets improve impact resistance for frequencies above about 200 Hz, with improvements of up to 10 dB at certain frequencies (see Figure 3.5). Overall, the impact sound rating is improved by about 1.5 dB to 2.5 dB depending on the type of floor covering. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 50 63 80 1 0 0 12 5 16 0 20 0 2 5 0 3 1 5 40 0 50 0 63 0 8 0 0 10 0 0 12 50 16 00 2 0 00 2 5 0 0 31 5 0 40 00 50 00 Frequency (Hz) Impact sound reduction (dB) Original (no cover) Carpet Wooden parquet Figure 3.5 - Impact Sound with Different Surface Layers Source: Lulea University of Technology [13].

3.4.3 Impact Sound Transmission

Lightweight steel floors can have reduced impact sound insulation performance at low frequencies compared to heavier floors. Conversely they show better performance at the higher frequencies. Reduction of impact sound transmission in lightweight steel floors can be achieved by:

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• specifying an appropriate resilient layer with correct dynamic stiffness under imposed loadings; • ensuring that the resilient layer has adequate durability; and • isolating the floating floor surface from the surrounding structure at the floor edges. This can be achieved by returning the resilient layer up the edges of the walking surface.

Low Frequency Impact Sound

Many site measurements have shown that buildings with lightweight floors can be built to meet the requirements for acoustic performance (airborne and impact) using the current acoustic rating methods. However, responses from occupants suggest that low frequency sounds, below 100 Hz, which are not included in the commonly used acoustic rating methods, are sometimes audible or felt as non-audible vibrations and have a significant impact on occupant perceptions. Research in Finland [14] shows that occupant perceptions do not coincide well with the IIC rating and floors with a good IIC rating may be judged to be unacceptable by occupants.

Walking on a lightweight steel floor generates low frequency “thumps” which are sounds mainly at frequencies of between 25 and 100 Hz, with peaks occurring at about 32 to 50 Hz. These frequencies are not represented in the currently used rating methods, and at these frequencies it is difficult to achieve accurate measurements on site.

Therefore, it is possible that the standard acoustic rating methods do not coincide well with occupant perceptions with regard to the effects of walking, and that low frequency sounds are not well represented. There is some debate over what is the proper way to rate low frequencies, and which of the rating methods is most appropriate. Research in Scandinavia [15,16] concludes that the opinions of inhabitants about the acoustic performance of lightweight steel floors are based largely on performance at low frequencies, below 100 Hz. This research suggested that rating methods that operate from 50 Hz might correspond somewhat better with the subjective ratings than the rating methods that start at 100 Hz.

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4 Building Codes, Classification and Occupancy

4.1 Introduction

A Building Code is a collection of regulations (such as exit sign and smoke detector requirements), which pertain to specific subjects (such as fire protection systems), which regulate specific practices (such as designing, constructing or remodeling buildings). Current building codes provide a process for regulations to reflect current technology in construction methods and materials. No matter what the specific subject may be - construction, property maintenance, fire preventions, or plumbing – All codes have the same purpose: To protect the public's health, safety and welfare from tragedies due to fire, structural collapse and general deterioration of the structures (such as homes, schools, stores and manufacturing facilities.). Building codes provide protection by reducing potential hazards to building occupants and adjoining properties.

4.2 U.S. Building Codes

Building construction in the United States is governed by interrelated codes and standards that regulate building, plumbing, gas, mechanical, electrical, energy, fire, and other specialized aspects of building construction. By definition, a building code is a legal document, which sets forth requirements to protect the public health, safety, and general welfare as related to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. In so doing, codes generally set forth requirements for structural design, materials, environmental control, fire protection, light and ventilation, and energy conservation.

While a small number of municipalities (mostly major cities) write and revise their own building code, most jurisdictions adopt one or more of the national model building codes. These codes, which are written, maintained, revised, and distributed by the model code organizations, are adopted by state or local jurisdictions either as written or more commonly with specific amendments. There are many thousands of individual code jurisdictions in the United States.

Current U.S. model building codes have significant requirements regulating the use of new building products and systems (such as cold-formed steel). Some of these requirements are fairly straightforward while others are subject to interpretation. This creates an element of uncertainty in terms of gaining approval. Different building codes may also have slightly different requirements for new building materials, products, and systems.

4.2.1 Model Code Organizations

Currently, there are four U.S. national model-building codes that regulate all types of construction. In addition there are two model codes specifically for residential construction—the 1998 International One and Two-Family Dwelling Code (formerly published by CABO) [3,17] 16

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

and, most recently the 2000 International Residential Code (IRC) [4]. Furthermore, some localities in the United States, in particular large cities such as New York or Los Angeles, have their own codes that are often stricter than the model building code requirements. The four major model building code organizations are as follows:

1) The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) [18], headquartered in Whittier, California, publisher of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and other Uniform Codes (but not the Uniform Plumbing Code).

2) The Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA) [19], headquartered in Country Club Hills, Illinois, publisher of the BOCA National Building Code (BNBC) and other National Codes.

3) The Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI) [20], headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, publisher of the Standard Building Code and other Standard Codes.

4) The International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), whose three members are ICBO, BOCA and SBCCI, headquartered in Falls Church, Virginia, publisher of the 2000 International Building Code (IBC) [21], the 1998 International One and Two-Family Dwelling Code, the 2000 International Residential Code (IRC) and other International codes.

Until recently, the BOCA, SBCCI and ICBO codes tend to be regional in use with the Uniform Building Code covering the largest part of the country. The 1998 International One and Two- Family Dwelling Code replaced the widely used 1995 CABO One and Two Family Dwelling Code.

In recent years the three model building code bodies (BOCA, SBCCI, and ICBO) agreed to combine their efforts and as a result, the International Building Code (IBC) and the International Residential Code (IRC) were published early in the year 2000 (see Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1). The purpose of the newly developed IRC and IBC is to replace the existing model building codes with one national code for one- and two-family dwellings and one national code for all other structures.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), located in Quincy, Massachusetts, is presently developing a competitive set of codes, including building, plumbing, mechanical and fire.

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One or more International Codes adopted statewide

One or more International Codes adopted within state at local level

Scheduled to adopt Figure 4.1 - Geographical Distribution of the I-Codes (Source: ICC, Falls Church, VA, July 2002, www.intlcode.orrg)

Table 4.1 - International Codes - Adoption by State State

International Building Code International Fire Code International Residential Code Comments

Alabama L L L Effective January 2003 Alaska X X L Arizona L L L Arkansas A A A Effective September 2003 California Colorado L L L Connecticut Delaware L L District of Columbia Florida Georgia X X X Hawaii Idaho X X X Illinois L L L Source: International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), Falls Church, VA, July 2002 (www.intlcode.orrg). A = State wide adoption; X = Effective statewide; L = Adopted by local governments 18

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Table 4.1 - International Codes - Adoption by State (cont.) State

International Building Code International Fire Code International Residential Code Comments

Indiana X Iowa L L L Kansas L* L L IBC accepted for state except for school construction Kentucky X X Louisiana Maine L L L Maryland X X Massachusetts A A Michigan X L X Minnesota Mississippi L L L Missouri L L L State buildings only Montana Nebraska L L L Nevada L L L New Hampshire A L L Effective September 2002 New Jersey New Mexico L L New York X X X North Carolina X X X North Dakota X L X Ohio X L X Oklahoma L L X* Mechanical provisions only Oregon Pennsylvania A L A Rhode Island X South Carolina X X X South Dakota X Tennessee L L L Texas L L X Utah X X X Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin X Wyoming L L Source: International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), Falls Church, VA, July 2002. (www.intlcode.org) A = State wide adoption; X = Effective statewide; L = Adopted by local governments

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4.2.2 Methods of Approval

In principle, manufacturers of new products systems, or assemblies have several avenues for gaining building code recognition, although in practice not all methods may be relevant to a particular situation.

null Evaluation Reports

Evaluation reports are advisory and not mandatory (the local jurisdiction has the final say on acceptability), however in practice, local building officials rely heavily on these reports in approving or disapproving the use of specific products or methods in their jurisdiction.

An evaluation report can be submitted under one national code or multiple national codes. The National Evaluation Service, Inc. (NES) whose membership includes the Building Officials and Code Administrators, Inc., and SBCCI Public Safety Testing and Evaluation Services, Inc. (SBCCI PST & ESI), issue evaluation report. Until recently it also included ICBO Evaluation Service, Inc. (ICBO ES) which now operates independently.

null Consensus Standards

A standard is a prescribed set of rules, conditions, or requirements concerned with classification of components, materials, processes, systems, performance, etc. The model building codes place great reliance on the use of standards produced in the private sector. Standards are typically developed by voluntary consensus standard-writing organizations, by accredited committees, by trade associations, and by government.

null Technical Suitability of Products Program

The Technical Suitability of Products Program (TSPP) was established by Congress under Section 521 of the National Housing Act to assure the successful use of building products, materials, and systems and to make sure that any material, design, or product that is technically suitable would be available for use in HUD housing programs. The relevant HUD housing programs include new homes financed with mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or the Veterans Administration (VA).

Technical suitability documents inform HUD Field Offices of Departmental Acceptance of new or nonstandard building products that are generally not covered by existing standards. TSPPs are nationwide in scope.

null Structural Engineering Bulletin (SEB)

An Engineering Bulletin is an acceptance document by which HUD accepts a specific manufacturer’s housing system or subsystem. The two types of engineering bulletins are:

a. Structural Engineering Bulletin (SEB) b. Mechanical Engineering Bulletin (MEB)

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SEBs indicate the structural acceptability of systems or subsystems such as modular housing or panelized construction for complete housing units, floor, wall or roof systems. Note that while HUD acceptance offers recognition and legitimacy that may facilitate product acceptance at the local level, it is not a sure substitute for a model code evaluation. Technically it is only required for products used in homes financed with FHA- or VA-insured mortgages, a relatively small part of the market.

• • • • 4.3 Building Classification

BNBC, UBC and SBC building codes classify structures in accordance with their intended use. Changes were made in the latest editions of the 1997 UBC, 1999 BNBC, and 1999 SBC codes to align themselves with each other and the 2000 IBC. A separate code for one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses using prescriptive provisions was also developed by the ICC titled “International Residential Code” (IRC). The 2000 IRC includes detailed prescriptive provisions for steel floor framing, steel wall framing, and steel roof framing.

The model building codes generally classify buildings according to occupancy, using types such as: residential, business, education, institutional, assembly, storage, mercantile, manufacturing, and hazardous. Within occupancy classifications, codes also consider issues such as whether the residents are elderly, disabled, or confined. Unprotected wood construction for example is generally not permitted in such occupancies as theaters with stages, and some institutions.

4.3.1 IBC Use and Occupancy Classification

The 2000 IBC code is used to define building occupancies and construction types in this report. The 2000 IBC divides buildings into ten Use and Occupancy Classifications with sub-groups under several of the classifications. The 2000 IBC further classifies buildings based on the type of construction. It sets limits for building area and number of stories for each use based on the type of construction with several modifiers based on location on site and fire protection elements. A summary of the IBC residential building classification is presented here.

Residential Group R (Groups R-1 through R-4)

Includes buildings and portions of buildings used for sleeping accommodations other than Institutional. Group R has four sub-groups as follows:

R-1: Residential occupancies where the occupants are primarily transient in nature, such as hotels and boarding houses. R-2: Residential occupancies containing more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, such as apartment houses and dormitories. R-3: Detached one- and two-family dwellings and multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not more than three-stories high (R-3 shall comply with the IRC). R-4: Buildings for occupancy as residential care/assisted living facilities including more than five but not more than 16 occupants (limited residential care facilities).

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Table 4.2 provides examples of the residential building occupancies based on the classification as specified in the IBC.

Table 4.2 – Assembly Group Occupancy (Based on 2000 IBC) (For a complete listing and limitations, refer to Chapter 3 of the IBC) Use Examples R-1 Transient residential occupancies: Boarding houses, hotels and motels R-2 Residential dwellings: Apartment houses, monasteries, dormitories, fraternities and sororities R-3 Adult or child care facilities for less than 5 persons in buildings that do not contain more than 2 dwellings R-4 Residential care/assisted living facilities having more than 5 but less than 16 occupants Source: 2000 IBC Section 302.

4.3.2 Types of Construction

When addressing fire protection requirements for buildings and other structures, building codes typically include terms such as:

Fireproof, Protected Noncombustible (e.g., steel framing covered with fire protective materials such as gypsum board), Unprotected Noncombustible (e.g., exposed steel framing members), Fire-Resistive (a term adopted by the National Fire Protection Association to replace “fireproof”; may be noncombustible, but noncombustible materials are not necessarily fire resistive).

Each of the above terms is used based on types of construction as specified in the building codes. The 2000 IBC construction types are summarized in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 - Types of Construction (2000 IBC) Building Construction Type Description I Constructed of building elements that are of noncombustible materials (combustible materials are permitted in Type I and II buildings in certain conditions) II Similar to Type I Buildings III Buildings with noncombustible exterior walls and any interior walls IV Buildings with noncombustible exterior walls and solid or laminated wood interior elements V Buildings with exterior and interior of any material permitted by the code 22

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5 Fire and Acoustic Code Requirements

5.1 Introduction

Historically, fire is one of the greatest hazards in light-frame residential buildings [22,23]. Building codes in the U.S. have evolved and improved dramatically to protect buildings, their occupants, and adjoining structures from fire. To accomplish this, building codes require that buildings of certain size and type, especially those with high fire risks or high occupancies, be constructed of noncombustible materials such as steel, gypsum, or concrete.

If a fire does break out in a single-family dwelling, the goal is to prevent it from spreading to adjoining structures while extinguishing it quickly. Load bearing members (such as studs and joists) should also be able to support loads in a fire so that the building, or a major part of it, does not collapse prematurely.

Fire-resistance (expressed in units of minutes or hours) is generally required by building codes for the various elements of construction and is normally a function of the building classification, occupancy group and other physical characteristics.

Building regulations also prescribe sound insulation levels for buildings and other structures. Although these sound insulation requirements do not typically apply to individual dwellings (such as single-family homes), occupiers do expect some level of acoustic privacy between rooms. Acoustic insulations are normally required between units of multi-family dwellings, apartments, and other buildings.

It should be recognized that there is a strong relationship between the configuration of floors and walls for both fire and acoustic insulation requirements. In practice, the more severe of these requirements controls the design and construction of floors or walls.

5.2 Fire Requirements

The International Building Code (2000 IBC), the Uniform Building Code (1997 UBC), the Southern Building Code (1999 SBC), and the National Building Code (1999 BNBC) provide the fire-resistance and acoustic performance rating requirements for new buildings based on the building occupancy group and construction type. The International Residential Code (2000 IRC), the ICC International One and Two Family Dwelling Code (1998 IOTFDC) and the 1995 CABO provide the fire-resistance and acoustic performance rating requirements for one and two family dwellings and townhomes.

Building codes typically set the acceptable height and area limits of buildings based on the combustion characteristics of the structures. The discussion below is based mainly on the provisions of the model codes that regulate combustible-unprotected type of construction.

Exterior Wall Construction – All of the model codes require that exterior walls within short distance from the property line (typically 3-5 feet (915-1524 mm)) be of one-hour construction. 23

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

The rating requirements in some of the codes are for exposure from both sides. However, many listed assemblies in the building codes are rated for exposure from one side only.

Separation Between Two-Family Dwelling Units – In general, the U.S. model building codes require that units in two-family dwellings be separated by one-hour fire-resistive walls continuous to the underside of the roof sheathing (see 2000 IRC Section R321). A fire-resistance rating of ½ hour is permitted in buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler system.

Townhouse Separation – Each townhouse is typically considered as a separate building that requires a one-hour separation wall (for each building), which is continuous from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing, deck, or slab extending the full length of the wall. A single two-hour wall is permitted with some restrictions. The 1995 CABO, 1998 IOTFDC and the 2000 IRC permit a single two-hour wall if no plumbing, mechanical equipment, ducts, or vents are in the wall (electrical wiring and metallic electrical outlet boxes are permitted.) Alternatively, the 1995 CABO and 2000 IRC permit each unit to have a separate one-hour wall. The 1999 SBC allows plumbing, ducts, and wires in a single two-hour wall if materials and methods meet specific minimum requirements.

Multifamily Building Separation – The 2000 IRC, 1998 IOTFDC and 1995 CABO do not address multifamily construction. In both the 1999 BNBC and 1997 UBC, “area separation walls” with a minimum fire-resistance rating of two hours separate multifamily buildings. They work as follows: Each code stipulates the maximum allowable floor area for a multifamily building. If the floor area of a planned building exceeds the limits, two-hour fire-rated walls can be used to subdivide the building into two or more buildings with floor areas that meet the limits. The SBC requires four-hour rated walls between buildings.

Multifamily Unit Separation – The three major model codes and the 2000 IBC require one- hour rated floor/ceiling and wall construction between separate dwelling units within a building. Some codes lower this limit to ½ hour in exchange for a specified sprinkler installation.

Firestopping – Requirements for firestoppings vary among the model codes. Places where firestopping is commonly required include: concealed spaces in stud walls and partitions, and furred spaces at the ceiling and floor levels; interconnections between concealed vertical and horizontal spaces; concealed spaces between stair stringers at the top and bottom of the run; and at openings around vents, pipes, ducts, chimneys and fireplaces at ceilings and floor levels.

Draft stop – Requirements for draft stops also are varied. A common requirement is for installation in the concealed spaces of a floor/ceiling assembly with usable space above and below it, so that the concealed space is divided into approximately equal areas not exceeding either 1000 or 500 square feet (92.9 or 46.45 m 2 ), depending on the code. Draft stop is also required in some of the codes in attic spaces of multifamily buildings.

It should be noted that the installation of approved residential fire sprinkler systems could affect some of the above requirements. Further, penetration of fire-rated assemblies like firewalls is also addressed by the codes, but this is not unique to steel framed structures.

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5.2.1 2000 IBC Fire Requirements

null Fire-Resistance Requirements

All buildings (new, altered or extended) are typically classified in one of the five construction types defined in Section 4.3 of this report. Fire separation requirements are shown in Table 5.1 for Residential buildings. Fire-resistance ratings of building elements are shown in table 5.2. Fire-resistance ratings of exterior walls are shown in Table 5.3.

Firewalls (party walls) provide complete separations between attached buildings. Firewalls are required to have sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall for the duration of time indicated by the required fire-resistance rating. Firewalls can be constructed of any approved non-combustible materials (exception Buildings of Type V construction). Portions of buildings are typically individually classified as to use and are completely separated from adjacent areas by fire barrier walls as shown in Table 5.4.

Table 5.1 - Required Separation Between Dwelling Units (Hours) a

Use R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 U R-1 2 2 2 3 1 R-2 - 2 2 3 1 R-3 - - 2 3 1 b

R-4 - - 2 3 1 b

U - - - - 1 Source: Table 302.3.3 of the 2000 IBC. a. Private garage shall be separated from the residence and its attic area by means of minimum ½” (12.7 mm) gypsum board applied to the garage side. Openings from a private garage directly into a sleeping room are not permitted. b. Separation is not required between a Group R-3 and Group U carport if the carport is entirely open on two sides and no occupancy above it.

25

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 5.2 – Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (Hours) (For detailed information and exceptions, refer to Table 601 of the 2000 IBC) Type I Type II Type III Type VI Type V Building Element A B A d B A d B HT A d B Structural Frame a

Including columns, girders, trusses

3 b

2 b

1

0

1

0

HT

1

0 Bearing walls Exterior f

Interior

3 3 b

2 b 2 b

1 1

0 0

2 1

2 0

2 1/HT

1 1

0 0 Nonbearing walls and partitions Exterior Interior e

See Table 5.3 Floor construction Including supporting beams and joists 2 2 1 0 1 0 HT 1 0 Roof construction Including supporting beams and joists 1 ½ 1 c 1 c 0 c 1 c 0 HT 1 c 0 Source: Table 601 of the 2000 IBC. a. Members of floor and roof panels that are not connected to the columns are considered secondary members and not part of the structural frame. b. Roof supports: Fire-resistance ratings of structural frame and bearing walls are permitted to be reduced by 1 hr where supporting a roof only. c. See additional requirements and exceptions in IBC Table 601. d. An approved automatic fire sprinkler system is allowed to be substituted for 1 hr fire-resistance rated construction. This is not allowed for exterior walls. e. See 2000 IBC Section 602.4.6 for additional requirements for nonbearing walls in Type IV construction. f. Not less than the fire-resistance rating on fire separation distance.

Table 5.3 – Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Exterior Walls Based on Fire Separation Distance (Hours) a (For detailed information and exceptions, refer to Table 602 of the 2000 IBC) Fire Separation Distance (feet) Type of Construction R b U < 5 c All 1 1 ≥ 5 < 10 I-A Others 1 1 1 1 ≥ 10 < 30 I-A, I-B II-B, V-B, Others 1 0 1 1 0 1 ≥ 30 All 0 0 Source: Table 602 of the 2000 IBC. a. Load bearing exterior walls are also required to comply with the fire ratings requirements of 2000 IBC Table 6.30. b. Group R-3 and Group U when used as accessories to Group R-3 are not required to have a fire-resistance rating where fire separation distance is 3 feet (914 mm) or more. c. See 2000 IBC Section 503.2 for party walls. 26

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 5.4 – Fire Wall Fire-Resistance Ratings Group Fire-Resistance Rating (hours) R-1 3 R-2 3 R-3 2 R-4 2 U 3 a

Source: Table 705.4 of the 2000 IBC. a. Walls shall be not less than 2-hour fire-resistance rated when separating buildings of Type II or V construction.

null Automatic Sprinkler Systems

Automatic fire sprinkler systems are required as described in Table 5.5 below:

Table 5.5 – Required Automatic Fire Sprinkler (AFS) Per 2000 IBC

Use Requirements R-1 Required in all buildings. Can be substituted for a residential sprinkler system (NFPA 13R). R-2 Required in buildings more than 2 stories high or having more than 16 dwelling units. Can be substituted for a Residential sprinkler system (NFPA 13R) for buildings up to four stories in height. R-3 Not required. A fire-resistance rating of ½ hour is permitted for two-family dwellings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. R-4 Required in buildings with more than 8 occupants. U Not required.

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.2.2 BOCA Fire-Resistance Requirements

All buildings (new, altered or extended) are typically classified in one of the five construction types defined in Section 4.3 of this report. Buildings shall have a fire-resistant rating as shown in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6 – Fire-Resistive Requirements for Structural Components Per the 1999 BNBC 1 (For detailed information and exceptions, refer to Table 602 of the 1999 BNBC) Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Noncombustible Noncombustible Ordinary Wood Frame Protected (hours) Protected (hours) Unprotected (hours) Protected (hours) Unprotected (hours) Heavy Timber (hours) Protected (hours) Unprotected (hours) Framing Member 1A 1A 2B 2B 2C 3A 3B 4 5A 5B Exterior Bearing Walls 4 3 2 1 0 2 2 2 1 0 Interior Bearing Walls 4 3 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Floors 3 2 1-1/2 1 0 1 0 (3) 1 0 Roof (<15’ high) 2 1-1/2 1 1 0 1 0 (3) 1 0 1 The above fire-resistance ratings are based on conditions such as maximum heights and areas. Increases and reductions in these ratings for specified design considerations are covered in the code. 2 4x6 roof, 6x10 floor, 6x8 col. (roof), 8x8 col. (floor). 3 3” or 4” (76 or 102 mm) set on edge plus 1” (25.4 mm) flooring (or 15/32” plywood) (12 mm).

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.2.3 UBC Fire-Resistance Requirements

All buildings (new, altered or extended) are classified in one of five construction types similar to the ones defined in Section 4.3 of this report. Buildings elements shall have a fire-resistant rating as shown in Table 5.7.

Table 5.7 – Fire-Resistive Requirements for Structural Components Per the 1997 UBC 1 (For detailed information and exceptions, refer to Table 600 of the 1997 UBC) Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Noncombustible (hours) Combustible (hours) Building Element Fire- Resistive Fire- Resistive 1 Hr. N 1 Hr. N Heavy Timber (H.T.) 1 Hr. N Exterior bearing walls 4 Sec. 602.3.1 4 Sec. 603.3.1 1 N 4 Sec. 604.3.1 4 Sec. 602.3.1 4 Sec. 605.3.1 1 N Interior bearing walls 3 2 1 N 1 N 1 1 N Exterior non-bearing walls 4 Sec. 602.3.1 4 Sec. 603.3.1 1 Sec. 603.3.1 N 4 Sec. 604.3.1 4 Sec. 602.3.1 4 Sec. 605.3.1 1 N Floors and floor- ceilings 2 2 1 N 1 N H.T. 1 N Roofs and roof ceiling 2 Sec. 602.5 1 Sec. 603.5 1 Sec. 603.5 N 1 N H.T. 1 N 1 N indicates No general requirements for fire-resistance.

29

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.2.3 SBC Fire-Resistance Requirements

All buildings (new, altered or extended) are classified in one of five construction types similar to the ones defined in Section 4.3 of this report. Buildings elements shall have a fire-resistance rating as shown in Table 5.8.

Table 5.8 – Fire-Resistive Requirements for Structural Components Per the 1999 SBC a (For detailed information and exceptions, refer to Table 600 of the 1997 SBC) Fire-Resistance Rating (Hours) Type IV Type V Type VI Building Element Type I Type II Type III 1-Hour Protected Unprot. 1-Hour Protected Unprot. 1-Hour Protected Unprot. Party and Fire Walls 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Interior Bearing Walls • Supporting columns, other bearing walls or more than one floor • Supporting one floor only • Supporting roofs only

4

3

3

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

NC

NC

NC

1 (b)

1

1

0 (b)

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0 Interior Non-bearing Partitions See Standard Building Code Sections 609.2, 704.1, 704.2, and 705.2 Floor & Floor/ Ceiling Assemblies 3 2 See 605 H 1 NC 1 0 1 0 Roofs & Roof/ Ceiling Assemblies 1.5 (c,e) 1 (c,e,f) See 605 H 1 (c,e) NC (c) 1 0 1 0 Bearing Walls and gable end roof (f, g) Exterior Walls Interior Walls (0-3’ distance from common property line)

4 3

3 3

3 3

2 2

1 1

3 3

3 3

1 1

1 1 NC – Non-combustible, H – Heavy Timber Sizes. a Refer to Table 600 of SBC for detailed information and exception.

b Use of combustible construction in interior bearing partitions is limited to building with two floors and roof only. c Approved fire-retardant treated wood may be used in buildings not over two stories high..

d In one-story buildings structural members of heavy timber sizes may be used as an alternate to unprotected structural roof members.

e In buildings of Group R occupancies, the roof or roof/ceiling assembly fire-resistance may be omitted where every part of the roof structural members have a clear height of 20 feet (6096 mm) or more above any floor, mezzanine or balcony..

f The use of combustible construction of interior bearing partitions is limited to the support of 2 floors and roof.

g For certain occupancies, the fire rating may be reduced to 1 hr. with automatic sprinkler system.

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.2.4 IRC, CABO and ICC IOTFDC Fire Requirements

Table 5.9 provides a summary comparison between the International Residential Code (2000 IRC), the One and Two-Family Dwelling Code (CABO 1995) and the International One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code (ICC 1998) fire-resistance requirements.

Table 5.9 – Fire-Resistant Separation Requirements in the IRC, CABO & OTFDC Building Element 2000 IRC 1995 CABO/ 1998 IOTFDC Exterior Wall Construction Section R302 requires that exterior walls with a fire separation less than 3 feet (914 mm) to have not less than 1-hour fire resistive rating with exposure from both sides. Projections must not extend more than 12 in. (305 mm) into areas where openings are prohibited. Projections extending into the fire separation distance must not have less than 1-hour fire resistive construction on the underside. Exceptions: Tool and storage sheds, playhouses, and similar structures are exempt. Section 302.1 requires exterior walls located less than 3-feet (914 mm) from property lines to have not less than 1-hour fire resistive rating (rated for exposure from both sides). Projections must not extend more than 12 in. (305 mm) into areas where openings are prohibited. Draft Stop Section R502.12 requires draft stops to be installed for usable spaces both above and below the concealed space of a floor/ceiling assembly, so that the area of the concealed space does not exceed 1000 square feet (305 m 2 ). The draft stop must divide the concealed space into approximately equal areas. When the assembly is enclosed by a floor membrane above and a ceiling membrane below draft stop must be provided in floor/ceiling assemblies for the following conditions: 1. Suspended ceilings under the floor framing. 2. Truss-type open-web or perforated members floor framed construction. Section 502.11 indicates that when there is usable space above and below a concealed space in a floor/ceiling assembly, draft stops must be installed so that the area of the concealed space does not exceed 1000 square feet (92.9 m 2 ). The draft stop must divide the concealed space into approximately equal areas. It must be provided in floor/ceiling assemblies when: 1. The ceiling is suspended under the floor framing, or 2. Floor framing constructed with truss- type open-web or perforated members, or 3. A floor membrane above and a ceiling membrane below enclose the assembly. Two-Family Dwelling Separation Section R321.1 requires dwelling units in two- family dwellings to be separated from each other by wall and/or floor assemblies of not less than 1-hour fire-resistive rating. Fire-resistive floor- ceiling and wall assemblies must extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies must extend to the underside of the roof sheathing. Section 320.1: Dwelling units in two- family dwellings must be separated from each other by wall and/or floor assemblies of not less than 1-hour fire- resistive rating. Fire-resistive floor- ceiling and wall assemblies must extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies must extend to the underside of the roof sheathing. 31

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 5.9 – Fire-Resistant Separation Requirements in the IRC, CABO & OTFDC (cont.) Building Element 2000 IRC 1995 CABO/ 1998 IOTFDC Townhouse Separation Section R321.2 requires each townhouse to be constructed as a separate building with a 1-hour fire-rated wall assembly (separating the units). Exception: A common 2-hour fire-resistive wall is allowed if the cavity of the wall does not contain plumbing or mechanical equipment, ducts, or vents. Electrical installations are limited to electrical wires installed in raceways and electrical outlet boxes. Section R320.2: Each townhouse must be constructed as a separate building with a 1-hour fire-rated wall assembly separating them. Exception: A common 2-hour fire- resistive wall is allowed if the cavity of the wall does not contain plumbing or mechanical equipment, ducts, or vents. Electrical installations are limited to electrical wires installed in raceways and electrical outlet boxes. Firestopping (fireblocking) Section R602.8 indicates that firestopping must be installed to cut off all concealed vertical and horizontal draft openings and form a fire barrier between stories and between a top story and roof space. Section R602.8 provides additional requirements for wood homes (locations of fireblocking). Section 602.7 indicates that firestopping must be installed to cut off all concealed vertical and horizontal draft openings and form a fire barrier between stories and between a top story and roof space. Section 602.7 provides additional requirements for wood homes (locations of fireblocking).

32

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.3 Acoustical Requirements

Wall and floor-ceiling assemblies separating dwelling units are typically required to provide sound insulation for walls, and both airborne and impact sound insulation for floor-ceiling assemblies. Table 5.10 summarizes the minimum STC and IIC requirements as stipulated in the US building codes.

Table 5.10 - STC and IIC Requirements Selected Codes STC (FSTC) Requirements (Air-Borne Sound Insulation) IIC Requirements (Impact Sound Insulation) Building Code 1

Use Group 1

Code Reference Section Walls Floor/ Ceilings Floor/Ceilings BOCA [19] R Section 1214.0 45 45 45 UBC [18] R Appendix Chapter 12 Section 1208 50 (45 if field tested) 50 (45 if field tested) 50 (45 if field tested) SBC [20] - - - - - 2000 IBC Dwelling Units Section 1206 50 (45 if field tested) 50 (45 if field tested) 50 (45 if field tested) CABO [3] Between Dwelling Units Section 320 45 45 45 ICC IOTFDC [17] Between Dwelling Units Section 320 45 45 45 IRC [4] Between Dwelling Units or Between Dwelling Units and Public or Service Areas Appendix K 45 45 45 California Title 24 [54] Party Walls and Between Floors of Multi-Family Dwellings 50 (45 if field tested) 50 (45 if field tested) 50 (45 if field tested) 1 Use Group R includes all structures in which families or households live, or in which sleeping accommodations are provided, excluding those classified as institutional occupancies.

33

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

5.4 Determination of Fire and Acoustic Ratings

5.4.1 Determination of Fire-Resistance Ratings

The U.S. model building codes, except the UBC, recognize the ASTM E119 [7] test method as the standard test method to establish the fire rating of assemblies. The UBC cites its own standard [24]. Code bodies typically accept fire tests conducted by recognized laboratories (such as Underwriters Laboratories, UL) or organizations (such as Factory Mutual). Table 5.11 summarizes the most widely recognized test methods.

Table 5.11 - Test Methods for Fire-Rated Steel Assemblies Standard Title Description ASTM E119 [7] Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials Test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, including bearing and other walls and partitions, columns, girders, beams, slabs, and composite slab and beam assemblies for floors and roofs. They are also applicable to other assemblies and structural units that constitute permanent integral parts of a finished building. ASTM E814 [25] Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops Applicable to through-penetration fire stops of various materials and construction. Fire stops are intended for use in openings in fire-resistive walls and floors that are evaluated in accordance with Test Methods E119. Factory Mutual [26] Insulated Wall Construction Intended for non-load bearing walls (curtain walls) having relatively low fire endurance properties and not intended as hourly rated fire barriers. This test method can be modified to evaluate the performance of partition walls. Factory Mutual [27] Insulated Steel Deck Roofs Intended for the evaluation of commercial type construction such as steel trusses. International Standard ISO 834 [28] Fire-resistance Tests of Elements in Building Construction Provides the means to evaluate structural elements of building construction (walls, partitions, columns, beams, and floors) during a predetermined fire test exposure. The assemblies are assigned ratings based upon the duration of the test and the ability of the assembly to exhibit fire-resistance properties

UBC Standard 7-1 [24] Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials This test method is based on ASTM E119. 34

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 5.11 - Test Methods for Fire-Rated Steel Assemblies (cont.) Standard Title Description UL Standard UL 1479 [29] Fire Tests of Through- Penetration Firestops This test method is based on ASTM E814. UL Standard UL 263 [30] Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials This test method is based on ASTM E119. UL Standard UL 2079 [31] Tests for Fire-Resistance of Building Joint Systems Used to test joint systems and firestop systems which are intended to prevent the spread of fire through openings between or within fire resistive assemblies. Intertek Testing Services / Warnock Hersey BU-606 [32] Fire Rating & Certification for Products & Systems Test systems (such as wall assemblies, fire doors and frames, and floor/roof/ceiling) as effective fire barriers and to determine the surface burning characteristics of building material, including flame spread, and smoke developed during exposure to fire.

5.4.2 Determination of STC and IIC Ratings

The U.S. model building codes recognize the ASTM E90 [33] test method as the standard method for determining the STC rating for an assembly. Table 5.12 summarizes the most widely recognized test methods.

Table 5.12 - Test Methods for Acoustical Insulation Standard Title Description ASTM E90 www.astm.org [33] Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements This test method covers the laboratory measurement of airborne sound transmission loss of building partitions such as walls of all kinds, operable partitions, floor-ceiling assemblies, doors, windows, roofs, panels, and other space- dividing elements. ASTM E 336 www.astm.org [34] Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings This test method covers a procedure to determine the noise reduction between two rooms under field conditions. The evaluation may be made including all paths by which sound is transmitted or attention may be focused only on the dividing partition. The word “partition” in this test method includes all types of walls, floors, or any other boundaries separating two spaces. The boundaries may be permanent, operable, or movable. 35

Light Steel Frame Housing

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 5.12 - Test Methods for Acoustical Insulation (cont.) Standard Title Description ASTM E413 www.astm.org [35] Standard Classification for Rating Sound Insulation This classification provides methods of calculating single-number acoustical ratings for laboratory and field measurements of sound transmission obtained in one-third octave bands. The method may be applied to laboratory or field measurements of the sound transmission loss of a partition in which case the single-number ratings are called sound transmission class (STC) or field sound transmission class (FSTC), respectively. The method may also be applied to laboratory and field measurements of the sound isolation between two spaces, in which case the single-number ratings are called the noise isolation class (NIC) or normalized noise isolation class (NNIC). ASTM E492 www.astm.org [36] Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine This test method covers the laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission of floor-ceiling assemblies using a standardized tapping machine. International Standard ISO 140-4 [11] Acoustics – Measurement of Sound Insulation in Buildings and of Building Elements Part 4 of this standard describes the test method for field measurements of airborne sound insulation between rooms and Part 6 describes the test method for laboratory impact sound insulation of building elements.

36

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

6 Fire and Acoustic Details - Industry Literature

6.1 Introduction

The application of fire and acoustic requirements in residential construction are minimal and generally only relate to common walls between dwellings. However, in recent years some trends have occurred to change the scope of the fire and acoustic performance of cold-formed steel framing as it is being used more in multi-story buildings and apartments. There also has been an increased acceptance of cold-formed steel framing in commercial applications. Furthermore, there has been a trend towards increased housing densities. This coupled with changes in lifestyles has lead to a demand for better sound insulation of dwellings (such as internal walls to have sound insulation to isolate louder rooms.)

As a result more industry literature is becoming available on:

• fire performance of cold-formed steel framed wall systems in both load bearing and non- load bearing applications. Information about she fire performance of cold-formed steel floor systems is, however, more limited. • acoustic performance of a range of wall and floor systems including STC values in excess of those required in most building codes, and guides for sound insulation of internal walls within a dwelling.

6.2 Fire-Rated Assemblies

Design information and details on fire-resistance and fire-ratings of cold-formed steel assemblies are scarce. However, the Gypsum Association, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Factory Mutual, and Intertek Testing Services (Warnock Hersey) are the main sources of information on this subject. Other organizations, such as the Brick Institute of America, and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) have limited information, details, and design information. Table 6.1 contains a detailed list of publications and technical data that are currently available.

37

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 6.1 - Summary of Industry Literature Source of Information Title Description American Iron and Steel Institute AISI FT-901 [37] www.steel.org Fire-Resistance Ratings of Load Bearing Steel Stud Walls With Gypsum Wallboard Protection With or Without Cavity Insulation • This pamphlet summarizes some AISI tests of gypsum wallboard-clad load-bearing steel stud walls. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) [38] www.steel.org Fire-Resistance Steel- Frame Construction • Provides an overview of fire protection requirements, methods, and materials. Rated assemblies are included for both residential and commercial walls, floors, and roof decks. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) [39] www.steel.org Designing Fire Protection for Steel Trusses • This publication discusses methods of protecting three types of truss systems. Engineering and Research Digest • This publication presents information on UL listed steel stud/brick veneer walls. Brick Institute of America [40] www.bia.org Technical Notes No. 16B, Calculated Fire-resistance • Provides information on steel-frame, brick veneer wall construction fire ratings. 1-1 Loss Prevention Data Firesafe Building Construction and Materials 1-28 Insulated Steel Deck 1-31 Metal Roof Systems • Series of data sheets addressing fire-rated assemblies. While these data sheets are geared towards commercial and industrial applications, they also contain some information applicable to residential construction. Factory Mutual [27] [43] Specification Tested Products Guide • Contains a limited number of fire-rated light-gauge steel assemblies that were tested in accordance with ASTM E119. Gypsum Association [42] www.gypsum.org Gypsum Systems Fire-resistance Design Manual – Sound Control • Systems in this manual utilize gypsum products to provide fire-resistance to walls, partitions, floors, ceilings, roof-ceilings, columns, beams, girders, and trusses. Fire- rated assemblies in this manual are classified in accordance to use and fire- resistance rating. • Provides sound transmission class (STC) ratings of steel walls, partitions, and floor- ceiling systems that utilize gypsum products. 38

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 6.1 - Summary of Industry Literature (cont.) Description Source of Information Title Intertek Testing Services / Warnock Hersey [43] Directory of Listed Products • Contains construction details for a wide variety of fire-rated proprietary steel floor/ceiling assemblies. Los Angles Department of Building and Safety [44] www.ladbs.org Sound Rated Partitions and Floor-Ceiling Construction • Contains steel and wood fire-rated assemblies with STC and IIC ratings of 50. Metal Lath/Steel Framing Association [45] Technical Bulletin “One- Hour Floor /Ceiling Fire- resistance Test” and “Two-Hour Floor/Ceiling Fire-Resistance Test” • These bulletins present the results of specific fire tests. National Bureau of Standards [46] www.fire.nist.gov/

Report BMS92 Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions • Provides an overview of fire protection requirements, methods, and materials. Rated assemblies are included for both residential and commercial walls, floors, and roofs. National Bureau of Standards [47] www.fire.nist.gov/ bfrlpubs/fire89/art00 4.html Report TRBM44 Fire-Resistance and Sound Insulation Ratings for Walls, Partitions and Floors • This document gives the fire-resistance and sound-insulation ratings of walls, partitions, and floors. The ratings are applicable to walls and floors in residential and other types of buildings. Owens Corning [48] www.owenscorning. com Extruded Polystyrene Insulation Foamular Commercial Steel Stud System • Contains information and construction details for a proprietary system consisting of steel framed/brick veneer walls that are routinely specified in commercial and multi-family residential construction. The Foamular Extruded Polystyrene Insulation is a part of fire-resistance rated steel framing/masonry veneer, non-load bearing exterior wall assembly. The system was tested in accordance with ASTM E119 and provides a 3-hour fire rating Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) [49] www.ul.com

Fire Resistance Directory—Volumes I and II • Contains the most extensive listing of fire- rated assemblies (Vol. I) and firestop penetrations (Vol. II). The ratings are categorized by material and usage. Listed fire-resistive assemblies were tested in accordance with ASTM E119. www.etlsemko.com 39

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 6.1 - Summary of Industry Literature (cont.) Source of Information Title Description US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) [50] www.huduser.org

Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies • Compilation of fire-ratings from earlier sources for a wide variety of materials and assemblies found in buildings from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. It also provides methods for calculating the fire- resistance of general classes of archaic materials and assemblies for which no documentation can be found.

Table 6.2 summarizes the contents of the Gypsum Association’s Fire-resistance Design Manual. Table 6.3 provides a summary of the UL’s, Gypsum Association’s, and Factory Mutual’s fire ratings that are applicable to residential construction.

Table 6.2 - Fire-Resistance Design Manual-Gypsum Systems Fire Rating System Description 1 Hour 2 Hours Interior Partitions b b Chase Walls b b Exterior Walls b b Metal Clad Exterior Walls b b Party Walls b Floor-Ceiling Assembly-Steel Frame- Concrete Slab b b Floor-Ceiling Assembly-Steel Frame- Wood Floor b - Steel Columns with Metal studs - b Beams and Girders b b

40

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 6.3 – Fire Ratings of Tested Cold-Formed Steel Assemblies Load-Bearing Walls Non load-Bearing Walls Source 1

1-HR 2-HR 1-HR 2-HR UL b b b b GA b b b b FM b b b b HUD - - b b Floors/Ceilings Roof-Ceilings 1-HR 2-HR 1-HR 2-HR UL b b b b GA b b - - FM b b b b HUD b b 2 - - 1 UL denotes Underwriters Laboratories Inc.; GA denotes Gypsum Association; FM denotes Factory Mutual; HUD denotes US Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2 Listed fire rating is 1-1/2 HR.

6.3 Acoustic Assemblies

Design information and details on sound insulation of steel assemblies are scarce. However, the Gypsum Association, Factory Mutual, and Intertek Testing Services (Warnock Hersey) are the main sources of information on this subject. Other organizations, such as the Brick Institute of America, and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) have limited information, details, and design information. Table 6.4 contains a detailed list of publications and technical data that are currently available.

41

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 6.4 - Summary of Industry Literature Source of Information Title Description Engineering and research Digest • This publication presents information on UL listed steel stud/brick veneer walls. Brick Institute of America [40] www.bia.org

Technical Notes No. 16B, Calculated Fire- resistance • Provides information on steel-frame, brick veneer wall construction fire ratings. California Department of Health Services [51] Catalog of STC and IIC Ratings for Wall and Floor/Ceiling Assemblies • Provides comprehensive set of sound transmission class (STC) ratings for steel walls and floor/ceiling assemblies. Gypsum Association [42]

www.gypsum.org/secur epubs/download.asp Gypsum Systems Fire-resistance Design Manual – Sound Control • Systems in this manual utilize gypsum products to provide fire-resistance to walls, partitions, floors, ceilings, roof-ceilings, columns, beams, girders, and trusses. Fire-rated assemblies in this manual are classified in accordance to use and fire-resistance rating. • Provides sound transmission class (STC) ratings of steel walls, partitions, and floor- ceiling systems that utilize gypsum products. Johns Manville [52] www.jm.com Sound Shield for Steel- Framed Construction • STC ratings for single and double layer partition walls. Los Angles Department of Building and Safety [44] www.ladbs.org Doc. No. P/BC 2001-69 Sound Rated Partitions and Floor-Ceiling Construction • Contains steel and wood fire-rated assemblies with STC and IIC ratings of 50. North American Insulation Manufacturers Association [53] www.naima.org Sound Control for Commercial and Residential Buildings • Contains recommendations for steel and other assemblies using fiberglass insulation to provide quality noise control. US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) [58] www.huduser.org Noise Assessment Guidelines US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) [59] www.huduser.org The Noise Handbook • These handbooks have been prepared to serve as a basic reference document for for implementing HUD’s noise policy. It brings together in one place all the various reports, informational papers, and other items that have been put out by HUD over the past several years. US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) [9] www.huduser.org A Guide to Airborne, Impact, and Structure Borne - Noise Control in Multifamily Dwellings • Incorporates a broad range of criteria appropriate for isolating airborne, impact, and structure-borne noise associated with residential construction. 42

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

7 Fire-Rated and Acoustic Performance Rated Details

7.1 Fire Rated Assemblies

Tables 7.1 through 7.3 summarize the fire-rated assemblies that are relevant to residential construction. A comprehensive list of cold-formed steel fire-resistance assemblies is provided in Appendix A. The contents of these tables are compiled from the three main sources of information for fire and acoustic details: UL, Gypsum Association and Factory Mutual. Appendix B contains a list of Canadian fire-rated assemblies [56].

7.1.1 Walls

Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. UL- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) UL U404 • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-33 studs @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on one side • 1/2” cementitious backer board on other side • 3” thick mineral wool batts 60 UL U407

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-18 studs @ 16” o.c. • ½” cementitious backer board, ceramic tiles and exterior finish system on either side • 3” mineral wool batts 60 43 UL U419

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-18 studs @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on each side of wall 60

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (cont.) ource for detailed info riters Labora (N construct Source Construction Detail ot complete ion details; consult original s rmation. UL- Underw tories, Inc.) Specification Fire- • Non-Load Bearing Wall 362S1 44 UL U456 Rating (minutes)

• 37-33 studs @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on one side • 3/8” mineral and fiber board on other side • Mineral wool, 3 pcf density 60 UL U457

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S125-18 studs @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on one side • ½” XPS and ½” cementitious backer board on other side • 3” batt or blanket insulation between stud cavity 60 UL U465 UL U495

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S125-18 studs @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on each side of wall 60

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

45 Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. UL- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S125-33 studs @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on one side of • halt felt building paper, yd fiberglass mesh, 3/32” base coat, 1/16” thick finish coat on other side • Mineral wool batts for exterior walls 60 wall No. 15 asp 5/8” gypsum board, 4.5 oz/sq • 362S125-33 studs @ 24” • 5/8” faced gypsum board on ea side (or ¾” faced gypsum board each side) tiles on one side • (2) 5/8” gypsum board on othe • Batt or blanket insulation in stud cavity UL V413

UL V416

• Non-Load Bearing Wall o.c. ch on 60 UL U449

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S125-18 studs @ 24” o.c. • 7/16” mineral fiber and ¼” ceramic r side (min. density 3.5 pcf) 90

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. UL- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., GA – Gypsum Association) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating UL U452

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 350S125-33 studs @ 24” o.c. 18 mil resilient channel with ½” • • de • d gypsum board on one side (2) 1/2” gypsum board on other si 3” Batt or blanket insulation in stu cavity 90 UL V414

• stic board, metal brackets for ties, 4” wide brick veneers w/2” air space between veneer and foam • 3-1/2” fiber glass batts (0.8 pcf density) • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-33 studs @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum board on one side of wall 2” foam pla 180 • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-33 studs @ 24” o.c. 5/8” Type X gyps side of wall • ½” cementitious board on other si 3” mineral fiber insulation in 46 (minutes) GA WP 1035

• um board on one de • cavity 60

Residential Steel Fram Source Construction Detail ing – Fire and Acoustic Details

47 Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. GA – Gypsum Association) Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) GA WP 1041

• Non-Load Bearing Wall o.c. ½”

• 362S162-33 studs @ 24” • 1/2” Type X gypsum board and fiber cement board on one side of wall • 1/2” Type X gypsum board and ½” fiber cement board on other side of wall 60 WP 1082

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-18 studs @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” Type X gypsum board on each side o • 3” mineral fiber insulation in 60 WP 1 • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-18 studs @ 16” o.c. • (2) 1/2” Type X gypsum board on one side of w • Furring channels and (2) 1/2” Type X gypsum on other side of wall GA

f wall cavity GA 470

all • 3” mineral fiber insulation in cavity 120

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

48 Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. GA – Gypsum Association) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) GA • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-33 studs @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” Type X gypsum board on one side of wall ½” Ty• pe X gypsum board and ¼” 60 fiber cement board on other side of wall WP 8 • Non-Load Bearing Wall 362S162-43 • 5/8” Type X gypsum board on one EIFS with 4” XPS on oth • Non-Load Bearing Wall 362S162-43 stud • (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum board on one side of wall • (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum board and WP 8003

GA 122 • studs @ 16” o.c. side of wall • 5/8” Type X gypsum board and EIFS with 2” XPS on other side 60 GA WP 8123

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-43 studs @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” Type X gypsum board on one side of wall • 5/8” Type X gypsum board and er side 60 GA WP 8202

• s @ 24” o.c. EIFS with 4” XPS on other side 120

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

49 Table 7.1 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Non Load Bearing (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. GA – Gypsum Association) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) WP 8 • Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-33 studs @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” foil-backed gypsum board on one side of w • 1/2” gypsum with stucco FM Wall 1

• Non-Load Bearing Wall • 362S162-22 studs @ 24” o.c. h side of 60 • 5/8” gypsum board on eac wall • Non-Load Bearing Wall 362S137-22 studs @ 24” o.c. of wall GA 250

all 120 FM Wall 7

• • (2) 5/8” gypsum board on each side 120

Residential Steel Fram (Not ing – Fire and Acoustic Details

50 nc.) Table 7.2 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Load Bearing complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. UL- Underwriters Laboratories, I Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) UL U432

• Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-33 @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum wallboard on each side 60 UL U434 • Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-33 @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum wallboard on one side 7/8” P• ortland cement plaster over metal lath on other side 60 UL U440

• Load Bearing Wall ach • 350S162-33 @ 24” o.c. • (2) ½” gypsum wallboard on e side of wall 60

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

51 Table 7.2 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Load Bearing (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. UL- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) • Load Bearing Wall • 350S125-33 @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum wallboard on one side • Load Bearing Wall • 350S125-33 @ 16” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum wallboard on one side 1/2” cementitious board Load Bearing UL U460

• 5/8” gypsum. 1” rigid polyiso. insulation, ½” plywood on other side • 3” batts or blankets 60 UL U473

• and 5/8” gypsum board on other side • 3” batts or blankets 60 UL U423

• Wall • 350S162-33 @ 24” o.c. • (2) 5/8” gypsum wallboard on each side of wall • 2” mineral wool batts 120

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.2 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Load Bearing (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. UL- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) • Load Bearing Interior Wall

60 • 350S125-33 @ 24” o.c. • 5/8” gypsum wallboard on each side • Batt insulation Load Bearing Interior Wall 350S • (2) 1/2” gypsum wal 90 • Batt insulation • Load Bearing Exterior Wall unit, or mineral fiber board • (2)-½”gypsum wallboard on fire side • Batt insulation 60 • 350S125-33 @ 24” o.c. • ½” gypsum wall board with Brick/Stucco, ½” or 5/8” cementitious backer Brick/Stucco, ½” or cementitious backer unit, fiber board (2)-5/8”gyps side UL U425 52 • • 125-33 @ 24” o.c. lboard on each side • Batt insulation • Load Bearing Interior Wall • 350S125-33 @ 24” o.c. • (3) 1/2” gypsum wallboard on each side or (2) layers of 5/8” gypsum wall board on each side. 120 • Load Bearing Exterior Wall • 350S125-33 @ 24” o.c. • ½” gypsum wall board with 5/8” or mineral • um wallboard on fire • Batt insulation 90

• Load Bearing Exterior Wall • 350S125-33 @ 24” o.c. • ½” gypsum wall board with Brick/Stucco, ½” or 5/8” cementitious backer unit, or mineral fiber board • (3)-½”gypsum wallboard on fire side • Batt insulation 120

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.2 – Fire-Rated Wall Assemblies – Load Bearing (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information. GA – Gypsum Association) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire- Rating (minutes) • Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-33 @ 16” o.c. • ½” cemetitious board • 5/8” Type X gypsum wallboard • 4-5/8” batt insulation 60 Load Bearing Wall • 350S162-33 @ • 5/8” Type X gypsum wallboa 60 • Load Bearing Wall 350S162-33 @ 24” o.c. (2) ½” Type X gypsum wallboard on each side 53 GA WP 1035

GA WP 1026

• 16” o.c. rd on each side of wall GA WP 1716

• • of wall 120

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

7.1.2 Floor

Rated Floor A sult original source for detailed information.) ratories c tion) s Table 7.3 – Fir ssemblies , In ., GA – Gypsum Associa Specifi UL L524 • 700S162-43 furring ch • (2) ½” gypsum bottom with 24 gauge resilien • 700S162-43 @ 24” o.c. e layer) • 1/2” Type X gypsum board (face layer) on bottom • 5/8” T&G plywood on top 60 • ½” Type X gypsum board (bas

e- (Not complete construction details; con (UL- Underwriters Labo Source Construction Detail cation Fire- Rating (minutes) @ 24” o.c. • 19/32” plywood on top • (2) ½” gypsum board on bottom

60

UL L527

• 938S162-54 @ 24” o.c. • 3/4” plywood on top with annels board on t channels spaced at 16” o.c.

90 UL L543

• 800S156-43 @ 19” o.c. • 23/32” plywood on top • (2) ½” gypsum board on bottom connected to 362S125-43 ceiling joists spaced at 16” o.c.

60 GA FC 4502

GA C 4503

• 700S162-43 @ 24” o.c. • ½” Type X gypsum board (base layer) • 1/2” Type X gypsum board (face layer) on bottom • 3/4” T&G plywood on top 60 F 54

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.3 – Fire-Rated Floor Assemblies (cont.) ot complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information.) (CSCC – Canadian Steel Construction Council, see reference [66]) (N Source Construction Detail Specification Fire-Rating (minutes) CSCC NRC764- FF22 • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c. • 19/32” pl • Steel strap bridging fastened to d • B k every • In t channels spaced at 16” o.c. • (2) ½” Type X gypsum board on bottom

74 ywood on top un erside of joists loc ing with C-shapes 5 th joist ver ed resilient hat 0S 62-43 @ 16” o.c. /3 ” plywood on top un erside of joists ing with C-shapes 5 th joist 5” iber glass batt sul tion between joists ) ½ Type X gypsum board ttom NRC FF24 62-43 @ 16” o.c. un erside of joists loc ing with C-shapes 5 th joist ver ed resilient hat els spaced at 16” o.c. sul tion between joists Type X gy bottom 9 CSCC NRC764- • 80 1 • 19 2 • Steel strap bridging fastened to d • Block every • Inverted resilient hat channels spaced at 16” o.c. • 3. f in a • (2 ” on bo

68 50/44 FF23 CSCC 764-

• 800S1 • 19/32” plywood on top • Steel strap bridging fastened to d • B k every • In t chann • 3.5” fiber glass batt in a • (2) ½” psum board on

6

55

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.3 – Fire-Rated Floor Assemblies (cont.) (Not comp mation.) lete construction details; consult original source for detailed infor (CSCC – Canadian Steel Construction Council, see reference [56]) Source Construction Detail Specification Fire-Rating (minutes) CSCC NRC764- FF25

• 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c.

s t t .

• 19/32” plywood on top • Steel strap bridging fastened to underside of joists • Blocking with C-shape every 5 th jois • Inverted resilient ha channels spaced at 16” o.c • 1/2” Type X gypsum board on bottom 46 CSCC NRC764- FF27 • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c • 1.5” non-structural con topping 19/32” plywood on • Steel strap bridging fastened to u joists Blocking with C-shapes every 5 th joist Inverted resilient hat channels spaced at 16” o.c. (2) 1/2” T

60 es

Tables 7. reside IIC-rated assemblies -formed steel sound-rated van es re compiled mainly UL, Gypsum and Factory Mutua r s eel assemblies.

. crete • top nderside of • • • ype X gypsum board on bottom

7.2 STC and IIC Rated Assembli 4 through 7.6 summarize the STS and that are rele t to ntial construction. A comprehensive list of cold assemblies is provided in Appendix A. The contents of these tabl a from the three main sources of information for fire and acoustic details: l. Appendix B contains a list of Canadian STC/IIC ratings [56] fo t

56

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

7.2.1 Walls

Table 7.4 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating (Not com nsult original source ation.) plete construction details; co for detailed inform d STC ” T pe X gypsum ½” Type X yp X gypsum, ement board ½” Type fiber cemen P1052 ” Type g psum gypsu P1072 e X gypsum 5 Ty e X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum Ty e X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum X gypsum, v neer venee Ty e X gypsum 5/8” Type X gyp e X gypsu ¼” fiber cem Ty e X gypsum 7/16” board fiber P1470 350S pe X gy Furring, (2) ½ P1510 ” Type X g psum gy 5/8”& ½”T gy ntitious, ¼” (2) ½” type X gy ceramic tile X gypsum Furrin Source Stud Designation Stu Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover

Rating (dB) WP1023 362S162 24 2-3/4” glass fiber (2) ½ y gypsum 50-54 WP1041 362S162-33 24 None ½” T e ½” fiber c X gypsum, ½: t board 50-54 W 362S 24 3-1/2” glass fiber (2) 5/8 X y (2) 5/8” Type X m 50-54 W 362S 24 3-1/2” glass fiber 5/8” Typ /8” Type X gypsum 45-49 WP1081 362S 24 3” mineral fiber 5/8” p 45-49 WP1082 362S162-18 16 3” mineral fiber 5/8” p 45-49 WP1121 362S162-33 24 None ½” Type 1/8” fiber cement e ½” Type X gypsum, 1/8” fiber cement r 45-49 WP1200 362S162-18 24 None 5/8” p sum 40-44 WP1295 362S162-33 24 None 5/8” Typ m ½” Type X gypsum, ent board 40-44 WP1296 362S 16 3-1/2” mineral fiber 5/8” p cement

40-44 W 162-33 24 3” mineral fiber (2) ½” Ty psum ” Type X gypsum 55-59 W 362S 24 2” glass fiber (2) 5/8 y ype X psum, ¼” or 3/8” psum 55-59 WP1515 362S162-33 24 3” mineral fiber ½” ceme psum 55-59 WP1520 350S162-33 24 3” mineral fiber ½” Type g, (2) ½” Type X gypsum 55-59 W 362S 24 3-1/2” glass fiber (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 55-59 P1521 W 362S 24 3-1/2” glass fiber (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 55-59 P1522 W 3 psum ½” Type X gypsum, ½” cementitious backer 50-54 P1565 62S162-18 16 3” mineral fiber (2) ½” Type X gy W 350S 16 3” mineral fiber (2 pcf) ¾” Type X gypsum 3/4”Type X gypsum 50-54 P1570 WP1615 250S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 45-49 P1625 250S125-33 16 2” mineral fiber (3.4 pcf) 3/8” gypsum lath, ¾” gypsum sand plaster 3/8” gypsum lath, ¾” gypsum sand plaster 45-49 P1711 362S 24 None (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X 40-44 W W gypsum 57

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.5 – Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating ot complete construction details; consult original source for detailed information.) (N Source Stud Designation Spacing Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Co Stud (in.) (dB) WP1204 350S162-33 24 None (2) m½” Type X gypsu (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP1206 350S162-33 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 3) ½” Type X gypsum (3) ½” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum Type X gy Type X gy WP8002 362S162-33 3” 24 mineral fiber batts 5/8” gypsum 5/8” gypsum, ½” cementitious board - WP1711 362S162-18 24 F ull cavity Cocoon insulation (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 58 WP1200 362S162-18 24 1-1/2” Co sulation 5/ 5/ coon in 8” Type X gypsum 8” Type X gypsum 50 sulation /8” Type gypsum /8” Typ gypsum Johns Manville 362S 16 2” f ss (0.75 pcf) ibergla ½” gypsum board ½” gypsum board 46 Johns Manville 2 ½” gy oard 362S 16 ” rockwool (2.0 pcf) ½” gypsum board psum b 45

ver STC Rating WP1635 350S162-33 24 None ( 45-49 WP1714 250S125-43 16 None 40-44 WP1716 350S162-33 24 None (2) ½” psum (2) ½” psum 40-44 U419 600S162-18 16 Full cavity Cocoon in (3) 5 C (3) 5 e C 65 58

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

7.2.2 Floors

Table 7.6 – STC/IIC Rated Floor Assemblies (Not complete construction details; consult original source for detailed i (For NAIMA rence [53 [56] nformation.) ) see refe ]; for CSCC see reference STC/IIC B) Figure 27 • 725S162-43 ” o.c. T&G plywood • Carpet and pad subfloor on top on top Steel strap ing 3-1/2” glass • Resilient ch insulation

CSCC NRC764 2 ood o • ap bridging f o jois Blocking with C-shapes every 5 th joist lient spaced at 16” o.c. • (2) ½” Type X gypsum board on bottom 44/40 -FF2 • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c. • 19/32” plyw Steel str n top astened t underside of • ts • Inverted resi hat channels

Source Construction Detail Specifications Rating (d NAIMA @ 24 • • bridg • fiber annels • 5/8” gypsum board on bottom 56/71

CSCC NRC764 -FF23 • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c. • 19/32” plywood on top • Steel strap bridging fastened to underside of joists • Blocking with C-shapes every 5 th joist • Inverted resilient hat channels spaced at 16” o.c. • 3.5” fiber glass batt insulation between joists • (2) ½” Type X gypsum board on bottom 50/44

59

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table 7.6 – STC/IIC Rated Floor Assemblies (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consul riginal source for detailed information.)

t o (For CSCC see reference [56]) Source Construction Detail Specifications STC/IIC Rating (dB) CSCC NRC764 • Steel strap bridging faste underside of joists • Blocking with C-shapes th 5 joist • Inverted resilient hat channel spaced at 16” o.c. • 3.5” fiber glass batt insulation between joists b• (2) ½” Type X gypsum on bottom 52/42 SCC • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c. • 19/32” plywood on top Steel strap bridging fastened to underside of joists Blocking with C-shapes every th 5 joist Inverted resilient hat channels spaced at 16” o.c. a• 1/2” Type X gypsum bo bottom SCC • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c. • 1.5” non-structural concrete topping • 19/32” plywood on top Steel strap bridging fastened to• • • ” o.c. • (2) 1/2” Type X gypsum board on bottom 60/31 underside of joists Blocking with C-shapes every th 5 joist Inverted resilient hat channels spaced at 16 -FF24 • 800S162-43 @ 16” o.c. • 19/32” plywood on top ned to every s oard

C NRC764 -FF25 • • • rd on 51/44

C NRC764 -FF27

60

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

8 Summary of Research on Fire Rating and Acoustic Performance of Cold-Formed Steel ramin

8.1 Introduction

It is very difficult to summarize all the research S. Private laboratories working for private industry usually condu of the current research ustical (sound) performance and fire rating . The list of s by no means all-inclusive as proprietary research and testing is typically not publicly available.

8.2 Fire Rating Research Summ y

Cooper, L. Y., Reneke, P. A., “Prototype Model for Simulating Barrier Fire Performance: CFAST GYPST – For Evaluating Thermal Respons f tud Wall System,” National Technical Information Service (NTIS). U.S gfield VA. . Y., Franssen, J. M. “Basis for Using Fire Modeling With 1-D Thermal Analyses of Barriers/Partitions to Simulate 2-D and 3-D Barrier/Partition Structural Performance in Real Fires.” Fire Safety Journal, Vo . 33, No. 2, 115-128 e Abstract: Computer fire models for simulating compartm require a mathematical formulation that couples the ther l response of the gases that fill the compartment and the thermal response of com ns. The fire environment characteristics calculated by such models can be used to provide input, via thermal boundary conditions, to an uncoupled thermal-str or simulating and evaluating the combined thermal/structural perform e objective a combined analysis would be to determine, through analysis, the structural fire- e of a barrier/partition design. Elhajj, Nader, “Fire Rated Assemblies of Cold-Fo e -gauge Steel Engineers Association (LGSEA) Technical Note No. 42 . 1998.

Gilvary, K. R., Dexter, R. J., “Evaluation of Alternative Methods for Fire Rating Structural lements.” National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) GCR 97-718; ATLSS Report o. 97-05; pp102. Gaithersburg, MD. June 1997. Abstract: A range of computational methods was evaluated for predicting the load capacity of structures subjected to fire. Results were compared to furnace experiments on loaded steel columns and concrete filled tubes. Simple calculations are accurate for simple cases such as steel columns at uniform temperature. Special-purpose finite-element software, SAFIR, was also accurate for members with nonuniform temperature distributions and/or composite cross-sections. SAFIR F g and testing that is going in the U ct most, if not all, on aco of cold-formed steel assemblies research i ar e o Gypsum-Panel/Steel-S . Department of Commerce, Sprin

Cooper, L l , S ptember 1999. ent fire environments typically ma partment barriers and partitio uctural computer model f ance of the barriers/partitions. Th of such resistanc

rm d Steel Construction,” Light 0. Washington DC E N 61

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

simulations of a continuous frame showed that it withstood three times the fire-exposure duration alternative to

Ingberg, S. H., Mitchell, N. D., “Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions,” National stitut d Technology (NIST). BMS 071; 53 p. May 12, 1941. etail the test partitions and gives the results of 147 fire-endurance tudy partitions were of the load-bearing type, and 38 of them were tested under a onstant working load while exposed to fire. Their fire-resistance limits, depending on the ating boards applied on each side to 2 plaster. Filling the spaces between uds with mineral wool increased the fire-resistance appreciably. The fire-resistance limit was re-exposed facing, as based on the limiting temperature rise on the edges facing the furnace,

d on the unexposed surface erned, but the former remained longer as barriers to the spread of fire after such rmed Steel Studs in Fire Tests.” American Iron and Steel stitute. Washington DC. 1980. Iron and Steel Institute. Washington DC. 1980. h and Engineering, Society of Fire Protection Bethesda, MD, 1999. predicted from column furnace testing. Computational methods could serve as an the furnace test method for determining fire-resistance ratings. e of Standards anIn Abstract: his report describes in some dT or fire and hose-stream tests conducted at the National Bureau of Standards. Seventy-eight of the partitions were of wood or framed with wood studs and faced with wood, wood fiber, or gypsum boards, or with plasters applied on wood, gypsum, expanded-metal, or wire laths. The others were of hollow or solid incombustible nonbearing types, most of which were framed with steel channels and had body or facings of gypsum or Portland cement plaster on metal laths. Most of he wood-st c facings, ranged from 10 min with 1/2-inch wood-fiber insul hr with 1-inch-thick facings of neat wood-fibered gypsum st considered reached when (a) failure under load or passage of flame occurred, (b) the limiting temperature rise (250ºF average or 325ºF maximum) was reached on the unexposed side, or (c) cotton waste in contact therewith became ignited. The protection given the wood studs by the fi ranged from one-sixth to one-third of the fire-resistance limit of the partition construction as such. The results with metal-framed hollow partitions differed little from those with wood-stu partitions having the same facings, insofar as the rise of temperature was conc technical end points had been reached. For the solid plaster partitions, 2 to 2 1/2 inch thick, the range in fire-resistance was from 20 min with Portland cement sanded plaster or mortar to 2 1/2 hr with un-sanded fibered gypsum plaster. Sanded gypsum plasters gave intermediate results.

Klippstein, K H., “Preliminary Study on the Column-Strength of Cold-Formed Steel Studs Exposed to Elevated Temperatures.” American Iron and Steel Institute. Washington DC. 1978.

Klippstein, K H., “Behavior of Cold-Fo In

Klippstein, K H., “Strength of Cold-Formed Studs Exposed to Fire.” American

Kodur, V. K. R., et al, “Fire-Resistance Tests on Load bearing Steel Stud Walls,” Proceedings of Third International Conference on Fire Researc Engineers,

Milke, J., “Analytical Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Steel members.” The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, pages 3/88-3/112. Society of Fire Protection Engineers. Quincy, MA. 1988. 62

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

NBS, “Fire-Resistance and Sound-Insulation Ratings for Walls, Partitions, and Floors.” US Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards. Technical Report on Building Materials TRBM 44. Washington DC. 1944. Abstract: In the construction of buildings, particularly those of the residential type, partition, and floo constructions should provide safety to life from the spread of fire and should r r educe transmitted d objectionable noises to inaudible levels. This paper gives the fire-resistance and nd peration of buildings. By considering only the basic properties having a bearing on fire hazard e quired for their structural members. In Chapter 1 this classification is outlined and information ter 2 contains a discussion of the types of restrictions and mitations generally incorporated in building codes, with particular reference to their application s housing typical occupancies as a basis for estimation of fire verity. In Chapter 4 are given available fire-resistance ratings of building constructions and sounds an sound-insulation ratings of walls, partitions, and floors. Most of the fire-resistance ratings are based on tests made at the National Bureau of Standards. Some are based on tests made at Underwriters' Laboratories or at Ohio State University. All of the sound-insulation ratings are based on tests made at the National Bureau of Standards. The detailed results of many of the fire tests of wood- and metal-framed partitions have been published in Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 71, “Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions.” The details of the sound-insulation tests are given in Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 44, “Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Construction”, and Supplement. Since the present objective is to present information of value in selecting or designing constructions suitable for use as subdivisions between family units in multiple dwellings, those having fire-resistance ratings of less than 1/2 hr are not included. The ratings are applicable to walls and floors in other types of buildings.

NBS, “Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions.” Report of Subcommittee on Fire-Resistance Classifications of the Central Housing Committee on Research, Design and Construction. Building Materials and Structures Report BMS92. National Bureau of Standards. Washington DC. 1942. (Available from the National Technical Information Services, Order Number COM-73-10974). Abstract: A classification of building construction from the standpoint of fire safety is presented by a committee of representatives of Federal agencies concerned with the design, construction, a o and fire-resistance, four types were found sufficient to cover the whole range of building construction. Within each type are two or more classes, which are defined by the fire-resistanc re given on how it can be applied with reference to the fire severity obtaining for given structural and occupancy conditions. Chap li to the classification of building types herein presented. Chapter 3 gives results of surveys of combustible contents of building se fire-resistance classifications of roofing materials.

63

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

8.2 Acoustical Performance Research Summary

“Catalog of STC and IIC Ratings for Wall and Floor/Ceiling Assemblies.” California nd Insulation of Wall and Floor Construction”. Department of Commerce. National ureau of Standards. Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 144. Washington DC. sign Aid for Office Acoustics.” Form & Function, Issue 4. Chicago Department of Health Services. Local Environmental Health Services Branch. Sacramento, California.

Elhajj, Nader, “Acoustic Insulation and Sound Transmission in Cold-Formed Steel Construction”, Light Gauge Steel Engineers Association (LGSEA) Technical Note No. 360. Washington DC. 1999.

Loney, W., “Effect of Cavity Absorption and Multiple Layers of Wallboard on the Sound Transmission Loss of Steel-Stud Gypsum Wallboard Partitions.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America: Volume 53, No. 6, 1973.

Meyers, M., de Souza, K., “Residential Steel Framing, Building a Better North American Home.” Galvatech 1998. Tokyo, Japan.

NBS, “Sou B

Roller, S.,“Acoustics in Hotels – Technical Feature.” Form & Function, Issue 4. Chicago IL. 1988.

Roller, S., Waropay V. “De IL. 1986.

Roller, S., “Research Evaluates Role of Density in Acoustical Insulation Performance.” Form & Function, Issue 2. Chicago IL. 1985.

Shiner, A., “How to Avoid Flanking Sound in your Acoustical Design.” Form & Function, Issue 3. Chicago IL. 1993.

Shiner, A. “Sound Control Construction.” Form & Function, Issue 1. Chicago IL. 1995.

64

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

9 Fire and Acoustic Research and Testing Residential Applications Needs for oduction acturers have done valuable research and testing in the fire and acoustic reas of cold-formed steel, there is still a considerable amount of work that needs to be done.

ratories and Gypsum Association being the leaders. owever, limited cold-formed steel assemblies for use in residential applications have been AREA SEPARATION WALLS jective would be to develop designs, either through engineering analysis or testing, for rea separation walls that both can meet the need for one and two hour fire resistance ratings and at they need to be self-supporting and be able to break away from an adjacent sidential dwelling(s), as well as having the above noted fire and acoustic characteristics. ood-framed uildings can achieve the 1-hr fire rating and stud wall with 5/8” (16 mm) ypsum board on each exterior side and a 1-inch sted assembly that comes close to the wood ssembly requires additional layers of gypsum board between the studs. This is costly and labor intensive.

9.1 Intr

The residential cold-formed steel market is still in its infancy in the United States. Although the steel industry, universities, government agencies, research institutions and other associated material and tool manuf a

9.2 Research Needs Fire and acoustic testing of cold-formed steel assemblies in the U.S. is generally done by the private sector with Underwriters Labo H tested by these organizations. The following are some needed testing and research projects:

•

The ob a the necessary acoustic requirements for residential construction. The unique demands of these walls is th re

Currently low-rise multi-family w b attains an acceptable acoustical rating by constructing a double @ 16” or 24” o.c. 350S162-33/ 550S162- 33 5/8” Type C or X Gypsum Board with No. 6 Screws Mechanical Bracing g (25.4 mm) air gap in the middle. The only UL te a 65

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• MPONENT ADDITIVE METHOD CO

he objective would be the development of an analytical method (e.g. simplified analytical ethod) for evaluating a construction assembly using cold-formed steel framing. While the pportunity of such an approach (e.g. Harmathey’s Rule) it was eveloped using tested assemblies of wood frame construction. As a result, a barrier to the steel ing old-formed steel framing. ASSEMBLY n of e ted construction). ACOUSTIC DATA ery limited data exist in the U.S. on the IIC ratings of steel floors. Although one could find a re resistance rated design(s), one cannot find a fire resistance rated design that also has cceptable acoustical test data for that exact same assembly. Testing is required to expand the urrent data. T m wood industry has had the o d industry is the perception that there could not be a substitution of framing members without some form of substantiation as to the validity of that approach. The work would require fire endurance testing, in combination with an analytical analysis of existing fire endurance tests, to compare and validate the Harmathey Rule component additive method to assemblies contain c

• TWO-HOUR FLOOR/CEILING

The objective would be the testing and listing of two-hour rated fire resistance floor/ceiling assemblies containing cold-formed steel framing and wood sheathing. At this time only one such test has been completed through a joint venture with the Gypsum Association. The barriers that support the future development in this arena are the lack of available options for cold-formed teel framing to be used in buildings containing mixed occupancies (e.g. where the separatios th occupancies requires two-hour ra

oist Cement Board Insulation

2” Poured Concrete Metal Deck

(2)-5/8” Type X Gypsum Board Resilient Channel Jo J ist (2)-5/8” Type x Gypsum Board Insulation Resilient Channel •

V fi a c 66

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• TRUSSES here has been widespread concern among the fire service, manufacturing, fire sprinkler and xterior fire rated walls with stucco finishes are d .S. nderwriters Laboratory (UL) fire resistance design x2x16ga backing, which is the preferential material.

• INTERNATIONAL FIRE AND ACOUSTIC DATA

e is a considerable amount of test data available in other countries on fire and acoustic performance of cold-formed steel assemblies. It is unfortunate that these tests cannot be accepted in the US automatically since in all likelihood the test standard used would not be the ASTM standard. If it were possible to get the different building code bodies to agree on accepting other test standards, it could open up a much wider range of available assemblies.

• STRENGTH OF COLD-FORMED AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Steel loses its strength and becomes elastic under high temperatures. As a matter of fact steel loses approximately 40% of its strength at 932 °F (500°C) and 60% at 1,112 °F (600°C). Although these temperatures are higher than the average temperatures typical steel-framed members are exposed to during the initial time of a fire (due to the presence of drywall and/or ther fire-resistance materials), loss of strength is a concern for unfinished basements, p ngs or fires starting in attics. These concerns are valid and more people re becoming aware of these facts and issues r a builder’s guide describing the non-combustibility of steel and highlighting the importance of adequate insulation and caulking to maintain the STC rating. The guide should be written in a language for the average builder and consumer.

T insurance communities regarding the fire performance of construction that relies more for strength on engineering design than on mass. The concern is for firefighter and occupant safety and roof or floor collapse. The concern is mainly for single-family residences with steel trusses and whether cold-formed steel trusses would be susceptible to sudden and unpredictable collapse when subjected to fire conditions. Guidance is needed on how to deal with light-gauge structures safely and effectively.

• EXTERIOR WALLS

Gypsum Board 2x2x16G Wire Foam 350S162-33 @ 24” o.c. with mid-height bracing 7/8”, 3-Coat Stucco E wi ely used in the southwest region of the U U number U434 (2001 edition) provides the fire rating for such construction details. However the support system for the stucco in UL design U434 is a paper backed diamond mesh (expanded steel, min. 3/4 lb./sq.yd. attached to the studs). The diamond mesh backing is more labor intensive to install than the 5/8” Type X 2

Ther o im roperly finished ceili

• GUIDE TO FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL FRAMING

A pamphlet o a 67

Light Steel Frame Housing

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

68

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

10 References 1 “2001 Steel Framing Alliance Annual Report”. Steel Framing Alliance, Washington DC. September 2001. 2 “Prescriptive Method for Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing,” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Washington DC. 1996. 3 One and Two Family Dwelling Code. Council of American Building Officials (CABO), Falls Church, Virginia. 1997. 4 International Residential Code (IRC). International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), Falls Church, Virginia. 2000. 5 Sidey, M.P. and Teague, D.P. “Elevated Temperature Data for Structural Grades of Galvanized Steel.” British Steel (Welsh Laboratories) Report, January 1988. 6 Klippstein K. H., “Strength of Steel Studs Exposed to Fire,” Proceeding of the Fourth International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Volume II. University of Missouri – Rolla. 1978. 7 ASTM E119. “Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 1995. 8 Australian Building Code Board, Regulatory Impact Statement. RD 2001/02. May 2001. 9 “A Guide to Airborne, Impact, and Structure Borne - Noise Control in Multifamily Dwellings”. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington DC. HUD, 1968. 10 Elhajj, Nader. “Acoustic Insulation and Sound Transmission in Cold-Formed Steel Construction.” Light-Gauge Steel Engineers Association (LGSEA) Technical Note No. 360. Washington DC. 1999. 11 “Acoustics – Measurement of Sound Insulation in Buildings and of Building Elements – Part 4: Field Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation Between Rooms” and Part 6: Laboratory Measurements of Impact Sound Insulation of Floors,” International Organization for Standardization. ISO 140-4. 1998. 12 Digest 337, “Sound Insulation: Basic Principles”, BRE, 1988. 13 Shi, W., Agren, A. “Modeling of Impact Sound Insulation of Lightweight Steel Framing Floors.” Lulea University of Technology Research Report 2000:01, Finland 2000. 14 “Dry Construction - the Finish Approach,” VTT Technology, Helsinki, Finland. 1999. 15 Sipari, P., “Sound Insulation of Steel Houses”. VTT Building Technology, Proceedings of the 9 th Nordic Steel Construction Conference, Helsinki, Finland. June 2001. 69

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

16 Sipari, P., Neinonen, R., & Parmanen, J., “Acoustic Properties of Wooden Floor Slabs,” Center of Finland, 1998.

23 MD, 2000.

26 al. Norwood, MA. 1974. 28 “ 29 erials,” ANSI/UL 263, 31 riters Laboratories Inc. (UL). Northbrook Illinois. 2001. 32 “Fire Rating and Certification for Products and Systems,” Intertek Testing Services, ITS VTT Technical Research 17 International One and Two Family Dwelling Code. International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), Falls Church, Virginia. 1998. 18 Uniform Building Code. International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), Whittier, California. 1997. 19 National Building Code. Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), Country Club Hills, Illinois. 1997. 20 Standard Building Code. Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI), Birmingham, Alabama. 1999. 21 International Building Code (IBC). International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), Falls Church, Virginia. 2000. 22 “2000 Fire Loss in the U.S.” National Fire Protection Association. Quincy, MA. 2000. “Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2000” FEMA/United States Fire Administration (USFA). Emmitsburg, 24 “Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,” UBC Standard 7-1, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, California. 1997. 25 ASTM E814, “Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops.” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 2000. “Factory Mutual System, Insulated Wall Constructions, Approved Class Number 4411”, Factory Mutu 27 “Factory Mutual System, Class I Insulated Deck Roofs, Approved Class Number 4450”, Factory Mutual. Norwood, MA. 1989. Fire-Resistance Tests - Elements of Building Construction,” International Standard for Standardization ISO 834, 1-16. 1975. “Fire Tests of Through-Penetrations Fire Stops,” ANSI/UL 1479, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL). Northbrook Illinois. 2001. 30 “Standard Fire Tests of Building Construction and Mat Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL). Northbrook Illinois. 2001. “Tests for Fire Resistance of Building Joint Systems,” ANSI/UL 2079. Underw BU 606, Cortland NY, 1997. 70

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

33 ASTM E90, “Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements,” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 1999. 34 for Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings,” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 1997. 35 sification E413-87 (1999) Standard Classification for Rating Sound Insulation,” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 1999. 36 aboratory Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine” American 37 “Fire Resistance Ratings of Load Bearing Steel Studs with Gypsum Wallboard Protection ton DC, 1981. I). Washington DC, 1973. 39 merican Iron and Steel Institute. AISI FT 227-1281-20M-NB, Washington DC, 1981. 40 struction (BIA), 16B, Brick Institute of America. Reston, VA. June 1991. 41 ry Mutual. Norwood, MA. 1993. 42 Edition, Gypsum Association (GA). Washington DC. 2000. 43 ol. I and II,” Intertek Testing Services (ITS). Cortland, NY. 1997. 44 eiling Construction,” Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety Document No. P/BC 2001-69. Los Angles California. February 45 “One-Hour Floor/Ceiling Fire-Resistance Test” and “Two-Hour Floor/Ceiling Fire- 46 “Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions National Bureau of 47 “Fire-Resistance and Sound Insulation Ratings for Walls, Partitions and Floors,” NBS ASTM E336, “Standard Test Method ASTM 413, “Clas ASTM E492, “Standard Test Method for L Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 1996. with or without Cavity Insulation,” Publication FT-901. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). Washing 38 “Fire-Resistance Steel-Frame Construction,” American Iron and Steel Institute (AIS “Designing Fire Protection for Steel Trusses,” A “Calculated Fire-Resistance,” Technical Notes on Brick Con “Factory Mutual System, Specification Tested Products Guide,” Facto “Fire-Resistance Design Manual” 16 th “ITS Directory of Listed Products, V “Sound Rated Partitions and Floor-C 2002. Resistance Test,” MLSFA Technical Bulletins. Chicago, Illinois. Standards,” NBS Report BMS92. National Bureau of Standards. Washington DC. 1942. Report TRBM44. National Bureau of Standards. Washington DC. 71

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

48 “Extruded Polystyrene Insulation Foamular Commercial Steel Stud System”, UC Industries, Inc., an Owens Corning Company, UCI. Parsippany, New Jersey. 1996. 49 “Fire-Resistance Directory,” Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL). Northbrook Illinois. 50 “Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies”. U.S. Department of Housing and 51 “Catalog of STC and IIC Ratings for Wall and Floor/Ceiling Assemblies”. California 52 “Sound Shield for Steel- Framed Construction,” Johns Manville. 53 IMA). Alexandria, VA. December 1997. ared for the NAHB Research Center, Inc., Upper Marlboro, MD. Sep. 2001. 57 rformance of Light Steel Frame Housing,” The Steel Construction Institute, Document RT888. England. November 2001. 58 and McMahon, N., “Noise Assessment Guidelines.” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Washington DC. February 1972. 59 k.” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Washington DC. 1991-281-930/54016. 2001. Urban Development (HUD), Washington DC. February 2000. Department of Health Services, Local Environmental Health Services Branch. Sacramento, CA. “Sound Control for Commercial and Residential Buildings.” North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NA 54 “Noise Insulation Standard,” California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 2, Chapter 2- 35. California 55 “Architectural Graphic Standards,” Seventh Edition. The American Institute of Architects (AIA), pp 68 and 69. 56 Fox, Steven, “Summary of Fire and Acoustic Building Code Requirements and Solutions for Residential Steel Framing in Canada,” Prep “Acoustic and Fire Pe Schultz, T. “The Noise Guideboo

72

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Appendix A t of U.S. Fire- and Sound-Rated Steel Assemblies Lis

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

74

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

A-1 ceramic tile ceramic tile

Table A1 – UL Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance U404 350S162-33 24 3” thick mineral wool batts 5/8” gypsum board ½” cementitious backer board 1 hr U405 250S137-18 24 None 5/8” gypsum board 5/8” gypsum board 1 hr U406 250S131-18 24 2” batt insulation ½” gypsum board ½” gypsum board 1 hr U407 350S162-18 16 3” mineral wool ½” cementitious backer board, ceramic tiles, and exterior finish system ½” cementitious backer board, ceramic tiles, and exterior finish system 1 hr U409 162S50-43 24 None Metal lath & plaster Metal lath & plaster 1 hr U419 350S125-18 24 None (1) 5/8” gypsum (1) 5/8” gypsum 1 hr U442 250S137-18 16 2-1/2” batts or blankets 5/8” gypsum board ½” or 5/8” cementitious board, ¼”ceramic tiles 1 hr U456 362S137-33 16 Mineral wool, 3 pcf 5/8” gypsum board 10 mm mineral and fiber board 1 hr U457 362S125-18 16 3” batts or blankets 5/8” gypsum board ½” XPS, ½” cementitious board 1 hr U465 362S125-18 24 (Optional) batts/blankets 5/8” gypsum board 5/8” gypsum board 1 hr U468 250S100-18 16/24 2-1/2” glass fiber ½” gypsum board ½” gypsum board 1 hr U488 250S125-33 16 1” mineral wool batts 3/8” gypsum board, 7/16” plaster 3/8” gypsum board, 7/16” plaster 1 hr U495 362S125-18 24 Optional 5/8” gypsum board 5/8” gypsum board 1 hr V409 250S137-18 24 1-1/2” mineral wool batts ½” faced gypsum board ½” faced gypsum board 1 hr V413 362S125-33 24 Mineral wool batts for exterior walls only 5/8” paper or vinyl faced gypsum board No. 15 asphalt felt building paper, 5/8” gypsum board, 4.5 oz/sq yd fiberglass mesh, 3/32” base coat, 1/16” thick finish coat 1 hr 5/8” faced gypsum board 5/8” faced gypsum board V416 362S125-18 24 Optional ¾” faced gypsum board ¾” faced gypsum board 1 hr U449 362S137-33 24 Batts and blankets, minimum density 3.5 pcf 7/16” mineral fiber, ¼” ceramic tiles (2) 5/8” gypsum board 1-1/2 hr U452 350S125-33 24 3” batts or blankets (2) ½” gypsum board 18 mil resilient channels, ½” gypsum board 1-1/2 hr U471 362S125-18 24 3-1/4” mineral wool batts, 4pcf density 5/8” mineral fiber board 5/8” mineral fiber board 1-1/2 hr U403 362S125-18 24 Mineral wool or glass fiber 2 (5/8”) layers 5/8” Gypsum, Inner layer applied w/runner 5/8” gypsum, ½” gypsum, and 3/8” gypsum 2 hr U411 250S125-18 24 None (2) 5/8” gypsum (2) 5/8” gypsum 2 hr U443 362S125-18 24 3” batts or blankets ½” gypsum board, ½” cementitious board, ¼” ½” gypsum board, ½” cementitious board, ¼” 2 hr

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A1 – UL Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance U453 350S125-33 24 3” batts or blankets ½” gypsum board 18 mil resilient channels, (2) ½” gypsum board, 2 hr (2) ½” gypsum board ½” cementitious board, ½” gypsum board U474 362S125-18 16 3” batts or blankets ½” cementitious board, ½” gypsum board ½” cementitious board, ½” gypsum board 2 hr U495 362S125-18 24 Optional 5/8” classified gypsum board 5/8” classified gypsum board 2 hr U491 350S125-18 24 3” mineral wool batts ¾” gypsum board ¾” gypsum board 2 hr U493 Double 362S162-43 staggered 16 3-1/2” glass fiber, 0.5 pcf (2) 5/8” gypsum board, (2) 5/8” gypsum board between studs (2) 5/8” gypsum board, (2) 5/8” gypsum board between studs 2 hr V410 162S125-18 24 Optional ½” faced gypsum board, ½” laminated gypsum board ½” faced gypsum board, ½” laminated gypsum board 2 hr V412 350S125-18 24 3” mineral wool batts 3/4” faced gypsum board ¾” faced gypsum board 2 hr V415 562S162-33 16 3-1/2” mineral wool batts 33 mil furring channels, 2” structural cement fiber board, 5/8” Type X gypsum board 33 mil furring channels, 2” structural cement fiber board, 5/8” Type X gypsum board 2 hr 24 (3) ¾” gypsum board 3 hr U408 250S150-18 24 None 1” gypsum board (4) ¾” gypsum board 4 hr 350S125-18 3” glass fiber or mineral wool (1) ¾” gypsum (1) ¾” gypsum 2 hr 162S125-18 None (3) ½” gypsum (3) ½” gypsum 3 hr U419 250S125-18 24 3” glass fiber or mineral wool (2) ¾” gypsum (2) ¾” gypsum 4 hr U431 362S125-18 16 Spray applied fire resistive material w/min. average density of 12 psf or 24 pcf. ¾” Plaster over metal lath (18 SWG wire) ¾” Portland cement plaster over metal lath (18 SWG wire) 4 hr (3) ½” gypsum board (3) ½” gypsum board 3 hr U435 162S125-18 24 Optional (4) ½” gypsum board (4) ½” gypsum board 4 hr (2) 5/8” gypsum, (2) 5/8” gypsum, 3 hr U450 362S125-18 16 Spray applied fire resistive material w/min. average density of 12 psf or 14 pcf. (3) 5/8” gypsum, (3) 5/8” gypsum, 4 hr U455 350S125-33 24 3” batts or blankets (3) ½” gypsum board 18 mil resilient channels, (2) ½” gypsum board 3 hr

A-2

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A1 – UL Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance 250S125-18 1 hr 325S125-25 2 362S125-25 gypsum e Cavity Insulation 2” Spray re -3/4” 2 hr 3-1/4” minimu (2) 5/8” gypsum board (2) 5/8” board 3 hr U475 400S125-18 16 applied fi resistiv material w/ m thickness 4” of: (3) 5/8” gypsum board V414 362S162-33 3-1/2” fi ts,

metal brackets for ties, w/2” air space between 16 ber glass bat 0.8 pcf 5/8” gypsum board 4” wide brick veneers veneer and foam 3 hr Table A Gy m Association No oad Bearing Wa ire-Resista information) Source Designation Stu Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover P1015 250S 24 None ” & 5/8” gypsu & 5/8” gypsu 1 hr P1021 250S 24 3” glass fi ½” Type X gypsum 1 hr P1023 362S162 24 (2) ½” Type X gypsum ½” Type X gypsum 1 hr 5/8” Type X gypsum P1041 362S162-33 24 None ½” Type X gypsum, ½” fiber cement board ½” Type X gypsum, ½: fiber cement board 1 hr ¼” gypsum, ½” Type ¼” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum ¼” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum ” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum /8” Type X gypsum /8” Type X gypsum 250S None 3/8” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum ” Type X gypsum pe X gy (3) 5/8” gypsum board 2” foam plastic board, 4 hr

2 – psu n-L lls – F nce (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more d Spacing (in.)

Stud Fire- Resistance Walls and Interior Partitions W ¼ m ¼” m W ber (2) ½” Type X gypsum W 2-3/4” glass fiber WP1035 362S162-33 16 3” mineral fiber ½” cementitious 1 hr W WP1050 250S 24 None

X gypsum

1 hr WP1051 250S 24 None ¼ 1 hr WP1052 362S 24 None (2) 5 (2) 5 1 hr W 3/8” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum P1053 24 1 hr WP1070 250S 24 1-1/2” mineral fiber ½” Type X gypsum ½ 1 hr WP1071 250S 24 2” mineral fiber ½” Type X gypsum ½” Ty psum 1 hr W 5 P1072 362S 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr ½” Type X gypsum ” Type X gypsum P1076 250S 24 5/8” Type X gypsum /8” Type X gypsum 1 hr /8” Type X gypsum ype X gy 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum 7/16” gypsum sand ster, 1/16” lim 7/16” gypsum sand ster, 1/16” lim /8” Type X gypsum WP1073 250S 16 3-1/2” glass fiber ½ 1 hr W 5 2-3/4” glass fiber WP1081 362S 24 None 5 5/8” T psum 1 hr WP1082 362S162-18 16 3” mineral fiber 1 hr WP1085 250S 16 None pla e gauging plaster, 3/8” Type X gypsum pla e gauging plaster, 3/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr A-3

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A2 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (N ) ot complete construction details; consult original source for more information ud Stud Spacing (in.) 24 ½” Type X gypsum Source St De on signati Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance WP1090 162S None ¼” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum ¼” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum ” Type X gypsum /8” fiber cement 1 hr WP1121 362S162-33 24 None , 1/8” fiber cement veneer ½ , 1 veneer P1200 24 None /8” Type X gypsum 1 hr 5/8” Type X gypsum 250S 24 3” glass fi ½” type X gypsum, ypsum 1 hr W 5 362S162 5/8” Type X gypsum WP1201 250S-33 16 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr W ber 1/16” veneer 1/16” g veneer ½” type X gypsum, gypsum P1240 1 hr W pl th pl th ½” gypsum sand aster, ½” gypsum la ½” gypsum sand aster, ½” gypsum la P1290 250S 24 None 1 hr W P1295 362S162-33 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr /8” Type X gypsum board 162S 24 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum ½” Type X gypsum, ¼” fiber cement board 16” fiber cemen 24 WP1296 362S 16 3-1/2” mineral fiber 5 7/ t 1 hr W P1340 None 1 hr WP1370 250S 24 None ½ er ½” gypsum sand plaster” gypsum sand plast 1 hr Walls and Interior Partitions (cont.) W 5/8” gypsum sand plaster over 3.4 lb. Metal lath P1400 162S 15 None 5/8” gypsum sand plaster over 3.4 lb. Metal lath 1 hr 24 X gypsum 2 hr 24 ½” type X gypsum, 2 hr glass (2) 5/8” Type X 5/8”& ½”Type X gypsum 3” mineral fiber ceramic tile ½” type X gypsu 2 hr 3” mineral fiber gypsum P1521 362S 24 None (2) ½” type X gypsum 2 hr gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum P1530 162S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr None ) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr None (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8”Type X gypsu 2 hr 3/32” gypsum veneer ” Type X gypsum 32” gypsum venee Type X gypsum, ½” WP1470 350S162-33 3” mineral fiber (2) ½” Type X gypsum Furring, (2) 1/2” Type WP1505 250S 2-1/2” glass fiber ½” type X gypsum, 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum WP1510 362S 24 2” fiber

gypsum

gypsum, ¼” or 3/8” 2 hr WP1515 24 ½” cementitious, ¼” (2) m362S162-33 WP1520 350S162-33 24 ½” Type X gypsum Furring, (2) ½” Type X 2 hr W (2) ½” type X gypsum WP1522 362S 24 None (2) 5/8” Type X 2 hr W WP1545 WP1546 250S 24 (2 m (2) ½” Type X gypsu WP1548 250S 24 (2) m WP1560 250S 24 None ½” Type X gypsum, ½ , 3/ r 2 hr WP1565 362S162-18 16 3” mineral fiber (2) ½” Type X gypsum ½” cementitious backer 2 hr WP1570 350S 16 3” mineral fiber (2 pcf) ¾” Type X gypsum 3/4”Type X gypsum 2 hr WP1615 250S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr A-4

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A2 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Interior Cover Exterior Cover .) N

Cavity Insulation Fire- Resistance Walls and ns (cont Interior Partitio WP1625 16 Non gypsum sand plaster gypsum sand plaster 250S125-33 e

½” Type X gypsum, ½” (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum P1940 250S125-33 None (2) 5/8” Type X (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 2 hr (3) ½” Ty 162 umS 24 None (2) ¾” Type X gypsum (2) ¾” Type X gyps 24 WP2960 WP2961 None (4) ½” Type X gypsum (4) ½” Type X gypsum WP2963 162S 24 4 hr WP2964 250S 24 2” mine r (2pcf) (2 (2ral fibe ) ¾” Type X gypsum ) ¾” Type X gypsum WP2970 162S 24 None (4) ½” Type X gypsum (4) ½” Type X gypsum 4 hr Exterior Walls WP8003 362S162-33 24 None 5/ ½” Type X gypsum, ¼” 8” Type X gypsum fiber cement board 1 hr WP8004 362S162 minera 5/8” Type X gypsum 7/16” fiber cement board 1 hr WP8005 362S 24 None 5/8” Type X glass mat gypsum 5/8” glass matt gypsum 1 hr 16 3/8” gypsum lath, ¾” 3/8” gypsum lath, ¾” 2 hr WP1630 250S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr WP1632 24 one

glass matt gypsum 250S WP1711 362S 24 None (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 2 hr W gypsum 16 WP2800 WP2921 WP2922 WP2924 162S 24 None pe X gypsum (3) ½” Type X gypsum 3 hr WP2930 3 hr WP2945 162S None (4) ½” Type X gypsum (4) ½” Type X gypsum 4 hr 4 hr 3-1/2” l fiber (3.0 pcf) 16 WP8122 362S162-43 EIFS w/2” XPS 5/8” Type X gypsum, None 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr 362S162-43 5/ 5/ , EIFS w/4” XPS WP8123 24 None 8” Type X gypsum 1 hr S162- 24 None (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X sum, EIFS w XPS 2 hr WP8205 362S162-33 ( ½” Type X gypsum, ½” 16 2) ½” Type X gypsum cementitious 2 hr WP8250 362S162-33 3” miner (2 pcf)16 al fiber 5/8” foil-backed gypsum ½” gypsum, stucco WP8310 4

(3.86 pcf) 1 a channel bridging 00S162 16 3” mineral fiber ” gypsum-sand plaster over 3.4 lb. metal lath nd 2mil vapor retarder 1” Portland cement plaster over 3.4 lb. metal lath & ¾” 2 hr /4” perlite-portlan 5/8” Type X gypsum 1” perlite plaster 8” Type X gypsum 362 43 gyp /4” WP8202 3” mineral fiber 2 hr WP8325 362S162-33 16 3-1 d cement-like back plaster spray 2 hr A-5

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A2 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance ouble apart ineral fi 5/8” Type X gypsum, 5/8” Type gypsum cross braces between studs entitious b ¼” ceramic tiles WP5015 Double 6.25” apart 5/8” Ty psum, gypsum cross braces 162S-33, 16 None pe X gy 9.5” long, Type X between studs 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr ouble apart ” mineral fiber /2” Type X gypsum, 6” long- 1/2” Type X ypsum cross brace between studs ½” Type X Gypsum, ½” rd, cementitious boa ¼” ceramic tiles WP5105 WP5130 Double 162S, 6.25” 16 None apart (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum, 6.25” long, Type X gypsum cross braces between studs (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum Movable and Partit Office ions WP5910 162S 24 None 3/8” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum X gypsum 3/8” gypsum, ½” Type WP6010 2-3/4” fiber glass WP6020 2” mineral fiber (3.7 pcf) WP6025 250S 24 2” mineral fiber (3.8 ½ 7/8” w auge steel track ½ Al ” wide, steel pcf) ” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens, ide, w/ 25 g ” Type X gypsum, uminum battens, 7/8 w/ 25 gauge track /8” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens, /8” wide, w/ 25 gauge steel track /8” Type X gypsum, luminum battens, 7/8” ide, w/ 25 gauge steel track 1 hr pe X gyp studs ½” Type X gypsum, um battens over studs WP6250 250S 24 None 5/8” um, A studs 5/8” Type X gypsum, Type X gyps luminum battens over Aluminum battens over studs 1 hr e X gypsum ” Type X gypsum ” Type X gypsum Chase Walls WP6800 25 24 None over 2-1/2” floor & 5/8” Type X gypsum 0S, C-T studs 1” Type X gypsum ceiling runners WP6900 25 studs ¾ over or & 0S, C-T 24 None ” Type X gypsum 2-1/4” flo ceiling runners 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr studs 1” Type X gypsum ceiling runners 5/8” Type X gypsum WP7051 250S, C-T studs 24 None 1” Type X gypsum over 2-1/2” floor & ceiling runners (2) 1/2” Type X gypsum 2 hr WP5005 D 162S-33, 3” 16 1-1/2” m ber for each stud 6”, X ½” cem oard, 1 hr WP5070 D 162S-33, 3” 24 1-1/2 for each stud 1 g s 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr WP6040 None WP6130 None 5 7 5 A w WP6135 250S 24 2” mineral fiber (2.63 pcf) ½” Ty sum, Aluminum battens over Alumin 1 hr WP6254 250S 24 ½” Typ in cavity ½ ½ 1 hr 1 hr WP7000 250S, C-T 24 None over 2-1/2” floor & 1 hr A-6

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A2 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance 250S, C-T studs over 4” floor & ceiling J runners w/H sections ¾” Type X gypsum WP7125 162S 24 None (4) 5/8” Type X gypsum None 2-hr ¾” Type X gypsum tween 2-1/4” floor & ceiling runners (4) 5/8” Type X channels WP7451 250S 24 1” Ty um bet & cei rs (3) X g None pe X gyps ween 2-1/2” floor ling runne 5/8” Type ypsum w/ resilient channels 3 hr Area Separation Walls ASW1100 162S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr ASW110

Table A3 – Factory Mutual Systems -Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance t comp constructio ls; cons(No lete n detai ult original source for more information) Source Stud esignat in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Wall1 363S Wall 2 250S137-19 2” mineral 3.0lb/ft)24 wool ( ½” gypsum ½” gypsum 1 hr None ½” gypsum l wool (3. gypsum Wall7 250S137-22 2 N4/30 one 5/8” gypsum 5/8” gypsum 1 hr ½” gypsum ” & ½” gypsum Wall 20 250S150-27 5/8” gyp anels between studs 24 sum p 5/8” gypsum 5/8” gypsum 1 hr Wall 1 362S137-22 N24 one 5/8” gypsum (2) 5/8” gypsum 1/2 h 8” gypsum 16” o.c. gypsu mil steel bridging @ 16” o.c. Wall 7 362S137-22 24 None (2) 5/8” gypsum (2) 5/8” gypsum 2 hr ½” gypsu (2) ½” gypsum WP7053 24 3” mineral fiber (2 pcf) 1” Type X gypsum 2 hr WP7421 250S 24 None be gypsum w/ resilient 3 hr 5 250S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr

D ion Stud Spacing ( Resistance 362S137-22 162-22 24 None 5/8” gypsum 5/8” gypsum 1 hr Wall 3 250S137-22 24 ½” gypsum 1 hr Wall 6 250S137-22 24 2” minera 0lb/ft) ½” gypsum ½” 1 hr Wall 8 250S137-22 24 2” mineral wool (3.7lb/ft) ½” gypsum 1 hr Wall 11 250S137-22 24 2” mineral wool (3.0lb/ft) ¼” & ½” gypsum ¼ 1 hr 1- r Wall 1 250S137-43 24 None (2) 5/ , 54 mil steel bridging @ (2) 5/8” m, 54 2 hr Wall 14 250S137-43 24 None (2) m 2 hr A-7

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A4 – UL Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation tud pacing n.) avity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance batts 5/8” gypsum board board ” cementitious backer rd, ceramic tiles and exterior finish system cementitious back 5/8” gypsum board 5/8” gypsum laster over metal lath U440 350S162-33 2 O4 ptional (2) ½” gypsum (2) ½” gypsum 1 hr 5/8” gypsum ” gypsum. 1” rigi plywood U472 350S125-33 24 3-1/2” mineral wool batts 5/8” gypsum board 5/8” g ard, 1” polystyrene foamed plastic board, non- metallic fabric mesh, ypsum bo coating system U473 350S125-33 16 3” 5/8” gypsum board ½” cem oard, batts or blankets entitious b 5/8” gypsum board U485 350S162-33 1 3 ½ , 6 ” batts or blankets ” cementitious board 5/8” gypsum board ½” cementitious board, 5/8” gypsum board U487 362S162-33 24 3-1/ 6 pcf y (2) 5/8 oard 5/8” mine er board 2” mineral wool batts, densit ” gypsum b ral fib 5/8” gypsum (2) ½” gypsum 1 hr 350S162-43 550S162-43 ½” gypsum ½” gypsum w/ aluminum, steel, brick, stucco, or 7/16” (1) ½” gypsum (1) ½” gypsum 8” gyps 8” gypone (2) ½” gypsum (2) ½” gypsum l wool bat (2) 5/8” gypsum (2) 5/8” gypsum 2 hr (3) ½” gypsum (3) ½” gypsum 2 hr U423 350 3 2 N (2) 3/4” gypsum (2) ¾” gypsum S162-3 4 one (2) ½” gypsum 1 hr 2) 5/8” gypsum (3) ½” gypsum 2 hr (2) ¾” gypsum eel siding, brick mentitious board (16” d R=3.8) S S (i C U404 350S162-33 24 3” thick mineral wool ½” cementitious backer 1 hr U407 350S162-33 16 3” mineral wool ½ boa , ½” er board, ceramic tiles, and exterior finish system 1 hr U432 350S162-33 24 Optional 5/8” gypsum board 1 hr U434 350S162-33 24 Optional 7/8” Portland cement p 1 hr U460 350S125-33 24 3” batts or blankets 5/8 d ployiso. Insulation, ½” 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 0.75 hr U418 or 24 3-1/2” glass fiber batts (3) fiberboard 2 hr 0.75 hr (1) 5/ um (1) 5/ sum 1 hr N 1-1/2 hr 2” minera ts 2 hr (1) 5/8” gypsum 0.75 hr ( 1-1/2 hr U424 350S162-33 24 Optional a) ½” gypsum w/aluminum, vinyl or st veneer or stucco. b) ½” or 5/8” ce maximum stud spacing). c) Foamed plastic (1 pcf an 2 hr A-8

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A4 – UL Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source ud Designation ud Spacing .) avity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance ½” gypsum 5/8” gypsum (2) ½” gypsum (2) ½ um ” gyps -1/2 hr U425 (interior 350S162-33 24 Glass fiber or mineral wool batts avity (3) ½”, (2) 5/8” or (2) (3) ½”, (2) 5/8” or (2) wall) to fill c ¾” gypsum ¾” gypsum 5/8” gypsum (2) ½” gypsum (2) 5/8” gypsum 1/2 h exterior 35 62-33 r or mi to fill c 3) ½” or (2) ¾” st or 5/8” gypsum w uminum, steel, brick, ucco, 7/16” fiberboard ” cementiti U477 362S1 24 3-1/2” mine l batts, 6 pcf 62-33 ral woo density (2) 5/8” gypsum board 5/8” mineral fiber board 2 hr St St (in C ½” gypsum 0.75 hr 5/8” gypsum 1 hr 1 2 hr 0.75 hr 1 hr 1- r U425 ( wall) 0S1 24 Glass fibe neral wool batts avity ( gypsum ½” / al

or ½ ous 2 hr V415 562S162-33 16 3-1/2” mineral wool batts 33 mil furring channels, 2” thick structural cement fiber board, 33 mil furring channels, 2” thick structural 5/8” Type X gypsum cement fiber board, 5/8” Type X gypsum board board 2 hr U426 350S162-33 Optional (4) ½” gypsum (4) ½” gypsum 24 U462 350S125-33 24 Op mineral wool batts) (4) d (4) d tional (1” to 3” thick 1/2” gypsum boar 1/2” gypsum boar 3 hr U530 3 24 1-7/ boa ” expan lbs/yd , spray applied res l 1-7/ boa ” expan , 2.5 lbs/yd , spray applied res l 62S175-33 None 32” mineral fiber rd, ½” by 5/16 ded steel lath, 2.5 2 istive materia 32” mineral fiber rd, ½” by 5/16 ded steel lath 2 istive materia 4 hr 3 hr A-9

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A5– Gypsum Association Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Resistance (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover Fire- Resistance P1035 350S162-33 16 att ins ½” cementitious 1 hr (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum P1206 350S162-33 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum 1 hr ype X g (3) ½” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum P8002 362S162-33 16 mineral fib cementitious boa ” Type X gypsu 1 hr

W 4-5/8”B ulation 5/8” Type X gypsum WP1204 350S162-33 24 None 1 hr W WP1635 350S162-33 24 None (3) ½” T ypsum 2 hr WP1714 250S125-43 16 None ( 2 hr WP1716 350S162-33 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum 2 hr W 3” er ½” rd 5/8 m A-10

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A6 – Fire-Resistance of Floor Assemblies (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Joist Size/ Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Specifications re- esistance ratories G533 718S162-43 24 furring channels Top: 2” l crete w/6x lded wire fabric and 19/32” corrugated steel k; Bott a bottom 1” mineral wool (8 pcf) on top of we dec ight weight con 6-W1.4xW1.4 om: 26 gauge furring ch nnels, ½” gypsum on 2 hr G534 718S162-43 Top: 1-1/ concrete w/6x6- 10/10SW fabri rrugat ttom ch bottom 24 None co Bo 2” light weight G welded wire ed steel deck; c and 19/32” annels, ½” gypsum on : 26 gauge furring

hr G537 3 3-1/2” mineral ins blown between ceiling joists Top: 1-1/2” concrete w/6x6- 1.4 welded wire fabric and 3/8” rib, 3.4 lbs/y Bot oists spaced at 16” o.c. 800S156-4 19 wool loose fill ulation (2.8 pcf) W1.4xW light weight d 2 expanded steel metal lath; tom: 350S125-43 ceiling j with ½” gypsum board hr nsulation Top -1/2” light weight co xW1.4 welded wire fa 2 ded ste te w/6x6- ric and 3/8” rib, 3.4 ath; Diamond mesh m d steel), spray-ap h (3.4 lb/sq yd e resistive mat rial (2-1/2” plaster) G802 System 50-1/2 60 500-psi normal weight concrete or lightweight concr m on ste ma rem The n with sp istive 1/2”.

Hambro or None 3 ete (thickness vary fro el spacing). Concrete ovable plywood forms or undersides of concrete a ray-applied fire res 3” to 4-1/2” based y be cast over corrugated steel deck. d joists are finished material of 0” to 2- 1 hr- 3 hr Fi R Underwriters Labo 1 1 G704 800S162-43 19 8” glass fiber i : 1 ncre W1.4 b lbs/yd expan el metal l Bottom: etal lat expande plied fir e 4 hr L524 700S162-43 24 None Top: 19/32” plywood or ¾” or 1” floor topping mixture over 15/32” plywood or ¾” gypsum board over 19/32” plywood. Bottom: (2) ½” gypsum board 1 hr L527 938S162-54 24 None Top: ¾” plywood on top; Furring channels and Bottom: 24 gauge, ½” deep resilient channels spaced at 16” o.c. and (2) 5/8” gypsum board 1-1/2 hr L543 800S156-43 19 3-1/2” mineral wool loose fill insulation (2.8 pcf) blown between ceiling joists Top: 23/32” plywood Bottom: 362S125-43 ceiling joists spaced at 16” o.c. with two layers of ½” gypsum board 1 hr

A-11

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A6 – Fire-resistance of Floor Assemblies (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Joist Size/ Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Specifications re- esistance Underwriters Laboratories oof membrane), insulating concrete (such as iculite concrete, Cellul concrete, or Perlite anized corrugated steel roof deck. : 26 gauge furring nd two la annels (2-5/8” wide x ½” gypsum board. P512 725S175-43 Top: roof e hot a 2 and fiber board. Bottom: Two layers of ½” gypsum board. 24 None Roof covering (or roof deck, 2-7/16” thick min membrane), metal ral and fiber board, sphalt or cold tar pitch, -7/16” thick mineral hr Fi P511 725S175-43 24 None Top: Crushed stone at roof covering, roof covering (or r Verm ar concrete), 1” to 8” thick foamed plastic, and 9/16” galv Bottom ch 7/8” deep) a yers of 1 hr 1 P518 800S156-43 24 8” thick glass fiber insulation installed between roof joists Top: Roof covering (or roof membrane), 28 gauge corrugated steel roof deck (9/16” deep), ½” gypsum board Bottom: Bridging and ½” gypsum board. 1 hr Gypsum Association FC1145 600S162-43 24 25 gauge corrugated metal deck & 2” light-weight (105 pcf) concrete on top; ½” Type X gypsum w/furring channels on bottom 1 hr FC2116 725S162-43 24 None 28 gauge corrugated metal deck & 2-1/2” concrete on top; (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 2 hr FC4502 700S162-43 24 None 5/8” T&G plywood on top; (2) 1/2” Type X gypsum on bottom 1 hr FC4503 600S162-54 24 None 5/8” T&G plywood on top; (2) 1/2” Type X gypsum on bottom 1 hr Factory Mutual Systems FM J.I. 2C9Q7 AC TJI 24 None Elastizell concrete, plywood subfloor and two layers of gypsum ceiling board 1 hr FM J.I. 2C9Q7 AC 24 None Corrugated metal deck over steel floor joist, Elastizell concrete and resilient furring channels 1 hr

R A-12

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A7 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation tud Spacing n.) Cavity Insulation Cover Exterior Cover STC Rating (dB) er ¼” & 5/8” gypsum ¼” & 5/8” gypsum 1021 250S 4 3” glass fiber 50- 2-3/4” glass fiber (2) ½” Type X gypsum ½” Type X gypsum ½ ½” fiber cement board fiber cement board 1050 250S 4 glass f ¼” gypsum, ½” Type ¼” gypsum, X gypsum X gypsum 50- ¼” gypsum, ½” Type ¼” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum X gyp 3-1/2” glass fib r (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 3-1/2” glass fiber 3/8” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum 3/8” gypsum, ½” Ty X gypsum ½” Type X gypsum ½” Type X ½” Type X gypsum ½” Type X gypsum 1072 362S 4 -1/2” glass f r 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gyps 45- r ½” Type X gypsum ½” Type X g r 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gyps 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsu S162-18 16 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gy 7/16” gypsum sand plaster, 1/16” lime gauging plaster, 3/8” 7/16” gypsum sand plaster, 1/16” lime gauging plaster, 3/8” Type X gypsum Type X gypsum 1090 162S None 1/4” gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum 1/4” gypsum, ½” Typ 45- ½” Type X gypsum, 1/8” fiber cement 1/8” fiber cemen veneer veneer 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gy None 1240 250S 4 3” glass fiber ½” type X gypsum, 1/16” gypsum veneer ½” type X gypsum 1/16” gypsum vene 40- None S Interior (i Walls and Interior Partitions WP1015 250S 24 1-1/2” mineral fib 55-59 WP 2 ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 54 WP1023 362S162 24 50-54 WP1041 362S162-33 24 None ” Type X gypsum, ½” Type X gypsum, ½: 50-54 WP 2 2” iber ½” Type 54 WP1051 250S 24 2” glass fiber

sum 50-54 WP1052 362S 24 e 50-54 WP1053 250S 24 pe 50-54 WP1070 250S 24 2” mineral fiber gypsum 45-49 WP1071 250S 24 2” mineral fiber 45-49 WP 2 3 ibe um 49 WP1073 250S 16 3-1/2” glass fibe ypsum 45-49 WP1076 250S 24 2-3/4” glass fibe um 45-49 WP1081 362S 24 3” mineral fiber m 45-49 WP1082 362 3” mineral fiber psum 45-49 WP1085 250S 16 1” mineral fiber

45-49 WP 24 e X gypsum 49 WP1121 362S162-33 24 None ½” Type X gypsum, t 45-49 WP1200 362S162-18 24 None psum 40-44 WP1201 250S-33 16 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP 2 , er 44 WP1290 250S 24 ½” gypsum sand pl ster, ½” gypsum lath ½” gypsum sand plaster, ½” gypsum latha 40-44 WP1295 362S162-33 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum ½” Type X gypsum, ¼” fiber cement board 40-44 WP1296 362S 16 3-1/2” mineral fiber 5/8” Type X gypsum 7/16” fiber cement board 40-44 WP1340 162S 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum 35-39 A-13

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A6 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation tud Spacing n.) Cavity Insulation Cover Exterior Cover STC Rating (dB) ½” gypsum sand plaster ½” gypsum sand plaster 1400 162S None 5/8” gypsum sand plaster over 3.4 lb. Metal lath 5/8” gypsum sand plaster over 3.4 lb. Me 35- (2) ½” Type X gypsum Furring, (2) ½” Type gypsum r ½” type X gypsum, 5/8” Type X gypsum ½” type X gypsu 5/8” Type X gypsu (2) 5/8” 5/8”& ½”Type X gypsum gypsu ½” cementitious, ¼” ceramic tile (2) ½” type X ½” Type X gypsum gyps s fiber (2) ½” Typ P1522 362S 4 r (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 55- r (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum P1545 r (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) r (2) 5/8” Type X (2) gypsum r ½” Type X gypsum, ½” T 3/32” gypsu P1565 3 (2) ½” Type X gypsum ½” cementitious b 570 cf) ¾” Type X gypsum 3/ P1615 (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X 625 pcf) 3/8” gypsum lath, ¾” 3/8” gypsum lath, S Interior (i Walls and Interior Partitions (cont.) WP1370 250S 24 None 35-39 WP 15 tal lath 39 WP1470 350S162-33 24 3” mineral fiber X 55-59 WP1505 250S 24 2-1/2” glass fibe m, m 55-59 WP1510 362S 24 2” glass fiber Type X gypsum, ¼” or 3/8” m 55-59 WP1515 362S162-33 24 3” mineral fiber gypsum 55-59 WP1520 350S162-33 24 3” mineral fiber Furring, (2) ½” Type X um 55-59 WP1521 362S 24 3-1/2” glas e X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 55-59 W 2 3-1/2” glass fibe 59 WP1530 162S 24 1-1/2” glass fibe 50-54 W WP1546 250S 24 1-1/2” glass fibe ½” Type X gypsum 50-54 WP1548 250S 24 2-1/2” glass fibe 5/8”Type X gypsum 50-54 WP1560 250S 24 1-1/2” glass fibe m veneer ype X gypsum, 3/32” gypsum veneer 50-54 W 62S162-18 16 3” mineral fiber ½” Type X gypsum, acker 50-54 WP1 350S 16 3” mineral fiber (2 p 4”Type X gypsum 50-54 W 250S 24 None gypsum 45-49 WP1 250S125-33 16 2” mineral fiber (3.4 gypsum sand plaster ¾” gypsum sand plaster 45-49 W 250S 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsumP1630 45-49 WP1632 250S 24 None ” Type X gypsum, ½” glass matt gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum ½ 45-49 WP1711 362S 24 None (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP2800 152S 24 1-1/2” mineral fiber (3) ½” Type X gypsum (3) ½” Type X gypsum 55-59FSTC WP2921 WP2922 WP2924 162S 24 1-1/2” mineral fiber (3) ½” Type X gypsum (3) ½” Type X gypsum 50-54 A-14

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A6 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover STC Rating (dB) WP2945 162S 1-1/2” mineral fiber ( m gypsum 24 4) ½” Type X gypsu (4) ½” Type X 60-64 WP2960 WP2961 WP2963 24 (4) ½” Type X gypsum162S 1-1/2” glass fiber (4) ½” Type X gypsum 55-59 (2) 3/4” Type X gypsum (2) ¾” Type X gypsum ” Type X gy ) ½” Type X gypsum Chase W each stud 8” Type X gypsu ng, 5/8” T gypsum cross braces etween stud cementiti board, ¼” ceramic tiles FSTC WP5015 Double 162S-33, 6.25” apart 1- for ,

16 1/2” mineral fiber each stud 5/8” Type X gypsum 9.5” long, 5/8” Type X gypsum cross braces between studs 5/8” Type X gypsum 50-54 WP5070 Double 162S-33 1- for ” 24 1/2” mineral fiber each stud ½” Type X gypsum, 6 long- ½” Type X gypsum cross braces between studs ½” Type X Gypsum, ½” cementitious board, ¼” ceramic tiles 60-64 FSTC Double gypsum, 6.25” long, Type X gypsum cros braces between stud (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum apart (2) 5/8” Type X ypsum, 6.25” lon Type X gypsum cross (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 8” gypsum, ½” Ty X gypsum 8” gypsum, ½” Type gypsum ½” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens, 7/8” wide, w/ 25 gauge steel track ½” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens, 7/8” wide, 25 gauge steel track 250S 24 5/8” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens, steel track 5/8” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens, 7/8” wide, 25 gauge steel track 40-44 WP6135 250S 24 2” miner (2.63 pcf) ½” Type X gypsum, r studs 1/2” Ty ypsum, over studs al fiber Aluminum battens ove pe X g Aluminum battens 40-44 Walls and Interior Partitions (cont.) WP2964 250S 24 2” mineral fiber (2pcf) 55-59 WP2970 162S 24 None (4) ½ psum (4 50-54 alls WP5005 Double 162S-33 16 1-1/2” mineral fiber for 5/ m, 6” lo ype X b s ½” ous 60-64 WP5105 162S, 6.25” apart 16 3-1/2” mineral fiber (2) 5/8” Type X s s 55-59 WP5130 Double 162S, 6.25” 16 None g g, braces between studs 50-54 Movable and Office Partitions WP5910 162S 24 2-3/4” fiber glass 3/ pe

3/ X 50-54 WP6010 2-3/4” fiber glass WP6020 2” mineral fiber (3.7 pcf) WP6025 250S 24 2” mineral fiber (3.8 pcf)

45-49 WP6040 3” glass fiber WP6130 2” glass fiber 7/8” wide, w/ 25 gauge WP6250 250S 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens over studs 5/8” Type X gypsum, Aluminum battens over studs 35-39 A-15

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A6 – Gypsum Association Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating (cont.) (Not complete construction details; consult original source for more information) Source Stud Designation Stud Spacing (in.) Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover STC Rating (dB) Walls and Interior Partitions (cont.) WP6254 250S 24 ½” Typ in cavity ½ ½ e X gypsum ” Type X gypsum ” Type X gypsum 35-39 studs 1” Type X gypsum r 2-1/2” floo ceiling runners 5/8” Type X gypsum WP6900 250S, C-T studs 24 1” glass fiber ¾” Type X gypsum over 2-1/4” floor & ceiling runners 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP7000 25 studs 1 over or & ceiling runners 5/8” Type X gypsum 0S, C-T 24 None ” Type X gypsum 2-1/2” flo 45-49 250S, C-T 1” Type X gypsum r 2-1/2” floor ceiling runners WP7053 25 studs 3” f) 1” Type X gypsum J r ns ¾” Type X gypsum 0S, C-T 24 mineral fiber (2 pc over 4” floor & ceiling unners w/H sectio 50-54 5/8” Type gypsum None WP7421 250S 24 1” glass fiber ¾” Type X gypsum

(4) 5/8” Type X between 2-1/4” floor & ceiling runners gypsum w/ resilient channels 50-54 ” Type X gypsum n 2-1/2” f ceiling runners (3) 5/8” Type X m w/ resi channels ASW1100 162S 24 1 r (2) ½” Type X gypsum-1/2” mineral fibe (2) ½” Type X gypsum 50-54 ASW1105 ( (250S 24 1-1/2” mineral fiber 2) ½” Type X gypsum 2) ½” Type X gypsum 50-54

Load Bearing WaTable A7 – Gypsum Association lls – STC rating signat (in.) Interior Cover Exterior Cover STC Rating (dB) WP1204 350S162-33 (2) m24 None ½” Type X gypsu (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP1206 350S162-33 24 None 5/8” Type X gypsum 5/8” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP1635 WP1714 250S125-43 16 None gypsum gypsum (2) 5/8” Type X (2) 5/8” Type X Shaft Walls WP6800 250S, C-T 24 2-1/2” glass fiber ove r & 45-49 WP7051 studs 24 1-7/8” glass fiber ove & (2) ½” Type X gypsum 50-54 WP7125 162S 24 None (4) X 35-39 WP7451 250S 24 1” glass fiber 1 betwee loor & gypsu lient 45-49 Area Separation Walls Source Stud De ion Stud Spacing Cavity Insulation 350S162-33 24 None (3) ½” Type X gypsum (3) ½” Type X gypsum 45-49 40-44 WP1716 350S162-33 24 None (2) ½” Type X gypsum (2) ½” Type X gypsum 40-44 WP8002 362S162-33 24 3” mineral fiber batts 5/8” gypsum 5/8” gypsum, ½” cementitious board -

A-16

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A7 – Other Fire-Rated and STC Rated Assemblies (Not com onstruction details; consult original source for more information) plete c Stud Size and Spacing Bearing Condition Fir STC Ratin WP1200 RAL-TL93-70W 162-1 @ 24” o.c. NLB insulation gypsum 8” T gypsum 362S 8 1-1/2” Cocoon 5/8” Type X 5/ ype X

50 250S Full cavity Cocoo 5/8” Type X 5/ ype X

50 WP1711 162-1 @ 24” o.c. NLB insulation (2) gy 8” gypsum 362S 8

Full cavity Cocoon 5/8” Type X psum (2) 5/ Type X

58 U412 WP1548 250S162-1 @ 24” o.c. NLB Full ocoon insulation (2) 5/8” Type C gypsum (2) 5/8” Ty gypsum 8 cavity C pe C @ 16 insulation (3) 5/8” Type C gypsum (3) psum 3 h 600S 3-5/8” esilient channel, ypsum board 5 oard Nu-Wool @ 16” c. NLB L Resilient channel, (2) 5/8” Type X gypsum board (2) 5 gyp

350S o. 3-1/2” WALLSEA /8” Type X sum board - 60 Nu-Wool 350S @ 16” .c. NLB (2 ½” Type X psum board o 3-1/2” WALLSEAL Resilient channel, ) ½” Type X gypsum board (2) gy 58 o lient channel, m board 350S gypsum board ohns Manville 362S @ o.c. ” ” fiberg ” gypsum board ½” g board 46 Johns Manville 362S @ 16” o.c. NLB (U454) 3” mineral fiber insulation (2 pcf) lient channels, ype C gy sum board (U435) 152S 3) ½” Type C gypsum board (3 gyp ” Type C sum board 3 hr (FSTC

Source

Cavity Insulation Interior Cover Exterior Cover e- Resistance g (dB) 1 hr RAL-TL98-7 162-18 @ 24” o.c. NLB n insulation gypsum 8” T gypsum 1 hr 2 hr 2 hr 58 U419 600S162-18 ” o.c. NLB Full cavity Cocoon 5/8” Type C gy r 65 Nu-Wool @ 16” o.c. NLB WALLSEAL R 5/8” g /8” gypsum b - 54 - Nu-Wool 350S @ 16” .c. NLB 3-1/2” WALLSEAL Resi (1) 5/8” Type X gypsum board (1) 5/8” Type X gypsu - 52 Nu-Wool @ 16” o.c. NLB 3-1/2” WALLSEAL Resilient channel, ½” ½” gypsum board - 46 J 16

NLB 2 lass (0.75 pcf) ½ ypsum - 2” rockwool (2.0pcf) ½” gypsum board ½” gypsum board - 45 Hardirock

350S125-33 24 (2) ½” Type C gypsum board Resi (2) ½” T p 2 hr 55-59 Hardirock

125-18 16/24 1-1/2” glass fiber ( ) ½

50-54 )

A-17

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Table A8 – STC/IIC Rated Floor Assemblies ons nsult o r mor

(Not complete c truction details; co riginal source fo e information) Source Joist Size/ Designation Stud Spacing Ca IIC A Figure 27 3 24 3-1/2” glass fiber Carpet and pad, ¾” T&G plywood subwood subflo annel, 5/8” gypsum

725S162-4 or on top, resilient ch on bottom (in.) vity Insulation Specifications STC/ Rating (dB) NAIM 56/71

A-18

Light Steel Frame Housing

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Appen

List of Canadian Fire- and Sound-Rated Steel m dix B Asse blies

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

B-1 The following is a comprehensive list of Canadian fire-ratings, STC ratings, and IIC ratings of cold-formed steel wall and floor assemblies. All assemblies shown in this Appendix are not complete construction details. Original source should be consulted for complete and detailed information.

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • Insulation • 2 layers gypsum board

Table B1 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Rated Assemblies Insulation Gypsum Board Test No. Stud Size (mm) Stud Spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Fire Endurance (min.) F-07 31 x 92 610 None - Type X 12.7 65 F-09 31 x 92 610 Glass fiber 92 Type X 12.7 65 F-10 31 x 92 610 Mineral fiber (58 92 Type X 12.7 4 mm wide) ineral fiber 5 mm wide) 92 60 F-10B 31 x 92 610 M (61 Type X 12.7 100 F-11 31 x 92 610 Cellulose 92 Type X 12.7 62 Notes: Reference Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

• 2 layers gypsum board • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • Insulation • 2 layers gypsum board

Table B2 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Rated Assemblies report IRC-IR-675 Insulation Gypsum Board Test No. Stud Size (mm) Stud Spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Fire Endurance (min.) F-03 31 x 92 610 None - RL 12.7 63 F-05 31 x 92 610 None - RH 12.7 69 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-674 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm, 1 lb = 0.445 kg, 1 ft = 0.305 m RL = low density gypsum board (7.35 kg/m 3 ). RH = low density gypsum board (7.80 kg/m 3 )

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

B-2

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • Insulation • 1 layer gypsum board

Table B3 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Insulation Gypsum Board Test No. Stud Size (mm) Stud Spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 64 mm Non-load bearing Studs 057 31 x 64 406 None - Type X 15.9 35 032 31 x 64 610 None - Type X 15.9 35 058 31 x 64 406 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 15.9 39 064 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 Type X 12.7 36 061 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 Type X 15.9 38 069, 070 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 Regular 12.7 33, 34 067 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 64 Type X 12.7 35 059 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 64 Type X 15.9 36 060 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M3) 57 Type X 15.9 36 068 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M3) 57 Regular 12.7 36 038 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 12.7 45 033, 073 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 15.9 44, 44 041, 043, 044 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Regular 12.7 42, 43, 43 047 31 x 64 610 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 Type X 12.7 43 034 31 x 64 610 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 Type X 15.9 42 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-761

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • Insulation • 1 layer gypsum board

Table B4 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Insulation Gypsum Board Test o. Size Spa N Stud (mm) (mm) Type Stud cing

Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 92 mm Non-load bearing Studs 4 None - Type X 15.9 18 31 x 92 406 38 376 31 x 92 610 None - Type X 15.9 38 422, 425, 344 31 x 92 406 Glass Fiber (G1) 89 Type X 12.7 45, 45, 46 419, 443, 444, 074, 075, 325, 326, 352, 360, 026, 28, 02 92 Gl r (G1) 027, 0 9 31 x 406 ass Fibe 89 Type X 15.9 47, 45, 44, 47, 46, 49, 6 347, 3 5 31 x 406 Glass Fiber ( 89 Regular 2.7 0 31 x 406 Mineral Fiber (M 90 Type X 5.9 343 31 x 92 M2) 1406 Mineral Fiber ( 40 Type X 2.7 40 Mineral Fiber (M 49, 46, 46, 4 428, 61, 36 92 G1) 1 42, 41, 39, 4 445, 327, 328 92 1) 1 46, 47, 47 340 31 x 92 406 2) 40 Type X 15.9 41 002, 335, 336 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 75 Type X 15.9 42, 45, 44 080 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 90 Type X 12.7 40 001 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 90 Type X 15.9 43 081 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M3) 90 Type X 12.7 39 3 Mineral Fiber (M3) 83 Type X 12.7 39 31 x 92 406 40 338, 003 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M3) 83 Type X 15.9 41, 39 4 406 Cellulose (C1) 40 Type X 15.9 39 31 x 92 45 0 Cellulose (C1) 90 Type X 15.9 49 31 x 92 406 45 438 31 x 92 406 Cellulose (C2) 90 Type X 15.9 44 413 31 x 92 6 Glass Fibe 90 R10 r (G1) egular 12.7 47 410 Glass Fiber (G1) Type X 31 x 92 610 90 12.7 48 10 90 15.9 0 396 2 6 Mineral (M2) T 131 x 9 10 Fiber 40 ype X 5.9 5 348, 367, 399, 324 31 x 92 6 Glass Fiber (G1) Type X 48, 49, 48, 5 4 026 31 x 92 610 Cellulose (C2) 90 Type X 12.7 48 31 x 152 mm Non-load bearing Studs 299 31 x 152 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 152 Type X 12.7 52 298 31 x 152 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 152 Type X 15.9 51 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-761

B-3

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

(0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • 2 layers gypsum board

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs • Insulation Table B5 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Insulation Gypsum Board est o. d e ) ud acing m) ype hickness m) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 64 mm Non-load bearing Studs 5 x 64 6 Fiber ( Type X 12.7 42 2 x 64 6 Fiber ( Type X 15.9 45 1 x 64 6 ineral Fiber (M1) 4 12.7 38 9 x 64 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 4 Type X 12.7 51 6 x 64 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 4 Type X 15.9 51 035 31 61 6 ( 1 2.7 x 64 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 4 2) Type X (1) Reg. 5.9/1 49 5 x 64 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 4 Regular 12.7 49 x 64 0 ineral Fiber (M1) 4 Type X 12.7 49 ) Type X R-761 conversion: . = 25.4 m T N Stu Siz (mm St Sp (m T T (m 06 31 40 Mineral M1) 64 06 31 40 Mineral M1) 64 07 31 40 M 6 Regular 03 31 61 6 03 31 61 6 04 31 61 6 055 31 61 M 6 048 31 x 64 610 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 (2 (1) Regular 12.7 48 Notes: Reference report IRC-I Metric 1 in m B-4

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • Insulation • 2 layers gypsum board Table B6 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Insulation Gypsum Board est o. d e ud acing m) ype hickness m) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 92 mm Non-load bearing Studs x 92 6 Fiber (G Type X 12.7 350 x 92 6 Fiber (G Type X 15.9 9, 348, 364, 366 x 92 6 lass Fiber (G1) 2 Regular 12.7 48, 47, 44, 46 329 31 40 M 9 x 92 6 ineral Fiber (M1) 2 Type X 15.9 53 341 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 15.9 47 50 46 x 92 6 Cellulose (C1) 0 Type X 15.9 51 0 x 92 6 Cellulose (C1) 0 Type X 15.9 7 x 92 6 Cellulose (C2) 0 Type X 15.9 49 411 31 61 9 x 92 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 2 Type X 12.7 52 5 x 92 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 2 Regular 12.7 51 8 x 92 0 Glass Fiber (G1) 2 15.9 54 0 x 92 0 2 ) Type X 5.9/1 55 397 31 61 M 4 x 92 0 ineral Fiber (M2) 0 Type X 15.9 51 7 x 92 0 ellulose (C1) 2 Type X 12.7 53 . = 25.4 m T N Stu Siz (mm) St Sp (m T T (m 423, 426, 345 31 40 Glass 1) 92 51, 50, 51 420, 31 40 Glass 1) 92 52, 52 42 31 40 G 9 333 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 75 Type X 15.9 337 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M3) 83 Type X 15.9 440 31 40 4 05 31 40 9 49 43 31 40 9 41 31 61 9 36 31 61 9 Type X 37 31 61 Glass Fiber (G1) 9 (2 (1) Regular 1 2.7 02 31 61 C 9 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-761 Metric conversion: 1 in m

B-5

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 2 layers gypsum board .018 in. thick) sum board

Table B7 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0 • Insulation • 2 layers gyp Insulation Gypsum Stud Board Test No. Size (mm) (mm) e Thickness (mm) ype Thickness (mm) ring St Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 063 31 x 64 406 Mineral Fiber (M1) 64 Type X 15.9 52 040 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 12.7 55 046 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Regular 12.7 52 037 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 15.9 55 056 31 x 64 610 M Type X ineral Fiber (M1) 64 12.7 54 92 mm Non-load ing S 31 x 92 406 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Type X 12.7 31 x 92 406 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Type X 15.9 367 31 x 92 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Regular 12.7 53 Stud Spacing Typ T STC Rating 31 x 64 mm Non-load bea uds 072 31 x 64 406 Regular 12.7 44 31 x bear tuds 424, 427, 346 55, 55, 52 421, 351 56, 56 430, 349, 363, 406 53, 49, 48, 441 31 x 92 406 Cellulose (C1) 40 Type X 15.9 53 331, 332 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M1) 92 Type X 15.9 55, 55 342 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 15.9 52 077, 334 31 x 92 406 Mineral Fiber (M2) 75 Type X 15.9 52, 54 051 31 x 92 406 Cellulose (C1) 90 Type X 15.9 52 435, 436 31 x 92 406 Cellulose (C2) 92 Type X (1) 12.7/ (3) 15.9 54, 54 412 31 x 92 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Type X 12.7 55 416 31 x 92 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Regular 12.7 53 369 31 x 92 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Type X 15.9 58 398 31 x 92 610 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 15.9 55 028 31 x 92 610 Cellulose (C2) 92 Type X 12.7 56 387 31 x 92 610 Cellulose (C2) 92 Type X 15.9 51 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-761 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

B-6

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 2 layers gypsum board • Steel studs (0.46 mm, 0.018 in. thick) • Insulation • 3 layers gypsum board

Table B8 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Insulation Gypsum Board Test No. Stud Size mm Stud Spacing Mm ype hickness mm) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 92 mm Non-load bearing Studs 371 31 x 92 610 (3 (1) Regular 15 7 None - ) Type X .7/12. 54 es: eference report IR conv C-IR-761 • 1 rd • G • 1 gypsum rd (Stud mm, 0. in. th Table B9 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Gypsum Board Test Size (mm) mm) T T ( Not R Metric ersion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

layer gypsum boa • Steel studs and insulation ap • Steel studs and insulation layer boa s 0.46 018 ick)

No. Stud Insulation Stud Spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness ( STC Rating 31 x 40 mm Non-load bearing Studs 306 31 x 40 610 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 12.7 53 309, 310 31 x 40 610 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 15.9 54, 55 31 x 64 mm Non-load bearing Studs 303 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 12.7 54 300 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 15.9 55 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-761 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

B-7

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

and insulation • Steel Studs and insulation • 2 layers gypsu s 0.46 .018 ick)

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs • Gap m board (Stud mm, 0 in. th Table B10 – Non-Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating Insulation No. Size Type Type mm) Reference repo IRC-IR-7 etric conve : 1 in. = mm

ard • G • Stu d insula • 2 s gypsum ard (Studs mm, 0. in. th T B11 on-Load Bear all C Ratin Insulation Gypsum Board No. Stud Size Stud Type Type mm) Gypsum Board Test Stud (mm) Stud Spacing (mm) Thickness (mm) Thickness ( STC Rating 31 x 40 mm Non-load bearing Studs 307 31 x 40 610 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 12.7 59 31 x 64 mm Non-load bearing Studs 304 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 12.7 60 301 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 15.9 61 Notes: rt 61 M rsion 25.4

• 2 layers gypsum bo • Steel studs and insulation ap d an tion layer bo 0.46 018 ick)

able – N ing W s – ST g Test (mm) Spacing (mm) Thickness (mm) Thickness ( STC Rating 31 x 40 mm Non-load bearing Studs 308 31 x 40 610 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 12.7 63 320, 321 31 x 40 610 Mineral Fiber (M2) 40 Type X 15.9 65, 65 31 x 64 mm Non-load bearing Studs 305 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 12.7 62 302 31 x 64 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 64 Type X 15.9 64 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-761 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

B-8

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 2 layers gypsum board • Steel studs • Insulation • Resilient channels • 2 layers gypsum board Ta 12 – Load B alls – Fire-R

ble B earing W ating Stu lation Gypsum Board est (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Fire d Insu T No. Thickness (mm) Spacing (mm) R.C. spacing Type Thickness (mm) Endurance (min.) 41 x 92 mm Load bearing Studs F37 0.91 406 406 None - Type X 12.7 77 F39 0.91 406 None None - Type X 12.7 83 F27 0.91 406 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 12.7 56 F35, F36 0.84 406 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 12.7 68, 63 F 406 Mineral Fiber 38 0.91 406 90 Type X 12.7 59 90 Type X 12.7 74 se 90 Type X 12.7 71 F28 0.91 610 406 Mineral Fiber F 406 Cellulo31 0.91 406 Not ests are from reference report IRC-IR-833 Metric conversion: 1 in. =

• 2 layers gypsum board teel st • Insulation 12.7 mm OSB Shear Panel (fire side) • 1 layer gypsum board

Ta 13 – Wa Fire-R es: T 25.4 mm • S uds • ble B Load Bearing lls – ating Stud Insulation Gypsum Board Test Thickness Sp No. (mm) (mm) acing R.C. spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Fire Endurance (min.) 41 x 92 mm Load bearing Studs F29 0.91 406 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 12.7 33 Notes: Tests are from reference report IRC-IR-833. Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm B-9

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 2 layers gypsum board on studs and insulation

Load Bearing Walls – Fire-Rating • Steel studs and insulati • Gap • Steel • 2 layers gypsum board Table B14 – Stud Insulation Gypsum Board Test No. Thickness (mm) m) Type ype (mm) ring Studs 406 None - 406 Mineral Fiber 90 Type X 84 IRC-I 3. ic con : 1 in. = mm Spacing spacing Thickness T (m R.C. (mm) (mm) T hickness Fire Endurance (min.) 41 x 92 mm Load bea F30, F30R 0.91 406 Type X 12.7 100, 102 F26 0.91 406 12.7 Notes: Tests are from reference report R-83 Metr version 25.4

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs • Insulation .)

le B15 – Load Bearing Walls – STC Rating

• Resilient channels (R.C • 1 layer gypsum board Tab Stud Insulation Gypsum Board Test o. Thickness Spacing spac (mm) (mm) R.C. N ing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 92 mm Load bearing Studs TLA-105 0.91 406

(G1) Type X406 Glass Fiber 89 12.7 45 Gl (G1) 92 12.7 610 (G1) Type X 15.9 49 610 Glass Fib (G1) Type X 15.9 50 10 (G1) Glass Fiber Type X 15.9 49 x 152 mm Load g St TL-022 TLA-095 0.91 406 610 ass Fiber Type X 48 47 TL-025 TLA-089 0.91 406 Glass Fiber 92 49

TL-354 1.22 406 er 92 TL-355 1.52 406 6

92 31 bearin uds TL-353 1.22 406 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 92 Type X 15.9 50 Notes: “TL” tests are from reference report IRC-IR-761. “TLA” tests are from reference report IRC-IR-832. Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm B-10

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

1

sum board • Resilient channels (R.C.) • 1 layer gypsum

B d Bearing W Rating

• 2 layers gyp • Steel studs • Insulation board Table 16 – Loa alls– STC Insulation Gypsum BoardR.C. spacing Type Thickne 31 x 92 mm earing Studs Load b 019 0.91 406 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 2 .7 9 Type X 12 54 016 1.52 406 610 r 2 .7 Glass Fibe (G1) 9 Type X 12 53 023 0.91 406 610 Mineral

2 .7 Fiber (M1) 9 Type X 12 54 013 1.52 406 610 l 1) 2 .7 Minera Fiber (M 9 Type X 12 53 ferenc rt IRC-IR 1 Stud Test No. Thickness (mm) Spacing (mm) (mm) ss (mm) Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating

Notes: Re e repo -76 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

• 1 layer gypsum board • Steel studs • Insulation .) sum board

aring Walls– STC Rating

• Resilient channels (R.C • 2 layers gyp Table B17 – Load Be Stud Insulation Gypsum Board Test No. Thickness (mm) Spacing (mm) (mm) (mm) R.C. spacing Type Thickness Type Thickness (mm) STC Rating 31 x 92 mm Loa tuds d bearing S 021 0.91 406 610 Glass Fiber

X (G1) 92 Type 12.7 54 610 Glass Fiber 92 tes: 018 1.52 406 (G1) Type X 12.7 53 No Reference report IRC-IR-761 onversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm Metric c

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Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

ation Table B1 oad Bear – STC Ra • 2 layers gypsum board • Steel studs • Insul • Resilient channels (R.C.) • 2 layers gypsum board

8 – L ing Walls ting Stud Insulation Gypsum Board Test Spacing R.C. spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Thick STC Glass Fiber No. Thickness (mm)

(mm) Type ness (mm)

Rating 31 x 92 mm Load bearing Studs TLA-065 0.91 406 406 89 Type X 12.7 57 TLA-079 1.52 406 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 12.7 57 TLA-081 1.52 406 406 Mineral Fiber 90 Type X 12.7 56 TLA-071 0.91 406 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 15.9 58 TL 8 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 15.9 A-0 1 1.52 406 57 TLA-063 0.91 406 610 None - Type X 12.7 50 TL 0 TLA-099 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 90 Type X 12.7 -02 0.91 406 60 59 TL-017 1.52 406 610 Glass Fiber (G1) 90 Type X 12.7 59 TL-024 0.91 406 Fiber ( 0 T610 M1) 9 ype X 12.7 L-014 1.52 406 610 ber (M1) 90 ype X 12.7 59 610 None - TLA-093 0.91 406 Glass Fiber 89 Type X 15.9 59 otes: “TL” tests a om ref repo IR-76 TLA” test Metric conv .4 mm Mineral 60 T Mineral Fi T TLA-075 0.91 406 Type X 15.9 51 TLA-073 610 59 N re fr erence rt IRC- 1. “ s are from reference report IRC-IR-832. ersion: 1 in. = 25

B-12

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 1 layer gypsum board • 65 mm non-load bearing steel studs and sum board tuds and • 1 layer gypsum board

Table B19 d Bearin STC Rati insulation • Gap • 1 layer gyp • 92 mm load bearing steel s insulation – Loa g Walls– ng Insulation Gypsum Board Test R.C. pacing (mm) Type (mm) STC 1 x 9 Load beari Glass Fiber A” t from r e rep -IR-8 Stud No. Thickness (mm) Spacing (mm) s Thickness

Type Thickness (mm) Rating 3 2 mm ng Studs TLA-077 0.46, 0.91 406 - 89 Type X 15.9 48 Notes: “TL ests are eferenc ort IRC 32. Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

• 1 layer sub-floor sheathing • Steel floor joists • Insulation • Resilient channels at 406 mm o.c. X gypsum board

ble B20 – Floors – Fire-Rating

• 1 layer 12.7 mm Type Ta Joist Sub-floor Insulation Test No. Thickness (mm) Depth (mm) (mm) Type (mm) Type Spacing Thickness Thickness (mm) Fire Endurance (min.) FF-25 1.22 203 Plywood 15.9 Roc fiber 406 k 90 46 tes: No Reference report IRC-IR-764 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

B-13

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

floor sheathing joists • Resilient channels at 406 mm o.c. • 2 layers 12.7 mm Type X gypsum board

Table B21 – Floors – Fire-Rating • 1 layer sub- • Steel floor • Insulation Joist Sub-floor Insulation Test Depth (mm) Type ness (mm) ness Fire lass lass Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-764 ersio . = 25.4 mm

mm crete • 1 layer sub-floor sheathing teel f joists sula • Resilient channels at 406 mm o.c. laye 7 mm e X gy bo Table B22 – Floors – Fire-Rating Metric conv n: 1 in

• 38 con • S loor • In tion • 2 rs 12. Typ psum ard

oist Sub-floor Insulat t re No. Thickness (mm)

(mm) Spacing Thick Type Thick (mm) Endurance (min.) FF-22 1.22 203 406 Plywood 15.9 None - 74 FF-23 1.22 203 406 Plywood 15.9 G fiber 90 68 FF-24 1.22 203 610 Plywood 15.9 G fiber 90 69 J ion Tes No. (mm) (mm) (mm) Thickness Depth Spacing Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Fi Endurance (min.) FF-27 1.22 203 406 Plywood 15.9 Glass fiber 90 60 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-764 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

B-14

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

• 1 layer OSB • Steel floor joists Insulation • ient channels at 610 mm o.c. X gypsum board

Table B23 – Floors – STC Rating • Resil • 1 layer 15.9 mm Type Joist Tes Sub-floor Insulation t No. Thickness (mm) Depth (mm) (mm) Type (mm) Type (m Spacing Thickness Thickness m) IIC Rating STC Rating TLF-057/028 1.91 203 OSB ass fiber406 15.1 Gl 152 45 1.52 203 406 Glass fi 45 51 2 1.2 203 406 1 Glass fi 15 44 50 1.52 203 Glass 44 406 OSB 15.1 Glas LF-069/03 1.52 SB 15.1 152 44 52 LF-067/03 1.52 SB 15.1 152 44 53 52 TLF-059/029 OSB 15.1 ber 152 TLF-061/030 OSB 5.1 ber 2 TLF-063/031 610 OSB 15.1 fiber 152 53 TLF-065/032 1.52 254 s fiber 152 44 51 T 4 305 406 O Glass fiber T 3 203 610 O Glass fiber TLF-009/004 1.52 203 406 OSB 15.1 None - 35 44 T 15.1 Glass fiber 152 LF-001a/001 1.52 203 406 OSB 43 50 TLF-005/002 1.52 203 406 OSB 15.1 Mineral fiber 140 45 51 TLF-011/005 1.52 203 406 OSB 15.1 Cellulose 90 44 51 TLF-011/005 1.52 203 406 OSB 15.1 Cellulose 140 45 52 N R otes: eference report IRC-IR-766 Met c

• 1 layer OSB • Steel floor joists • Insulation Resilient channels at 610 mm o.c. 1 lay g oa

Table B24 – Floors – STC and IIC Ra ric onversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm • 25 mm gypsum concrete • • er 15.9 mm Type X ypsum b rd ting Joist Sub-floor Insulation Test No. Thickness Depth (mm) (mm) Spacing (mm) Type Thickness (mm) Type Thickness (mm) IIC Rating STC Rating TLF- 079/039 1.52 203 406 OSB 15.1 None - 24 55 TLF- 081/040 1.52 203 406 OSB 15.1 Glass fiber 152 28 60 Notes: Reference report IRC-IR-766 Metric conversion: 1 in. = 25.4 mm B-15

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

B-16

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

PP D C ET C N S N F TORS

A EN IX M RI CO VER IO AC

Residential Steel Framing – Fire and Acoustic Details

The following list provides the conversion relationship between U.S. customary units and the International System (SI) units. A complete guide to the SI system and its use can be found in ASTM E 380, Metric Practice.

To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by Length Stress or pressure Inch (in.) Micrometer (µm) 25,400 Kilogram/square meter (kg/sq. m) 4.8824Pound/sq. foot (psf) PInch (in.) Millimeter (mm) 25.4 ound/sq. foot (psf) Pascal (Pa) 47.88 Inch (in.) Centimeter (cm) 2.54 eight) Mass (w Pound (lb.) Ton, 2000 lb Inch (in.) Meter (m) 0.0254 Kilogram (kg) 0.4535924 Foot (ft) Meter (m) 0.3048 Kilogram (kg) 907.1848 Yard (yd) Meter (m) 0.9144 Kilogram (kg) 0.0000648Grain Mile (mi) Kilometer (km) 1.6 eight) per length) Mass (w Kip per linear foot Area

Kilogram per meter (kg/m) 0.001488 (klf) Pound per linear foot (plf) Square foot (sq. ft) Square meter (sq. m ) 0.0929

Kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.488 Square inch (sq. in) Square centimeter (sq. cm) 6.452 Moment 1 foot-pound (ft-lb.)Square inch (sq. in.) Square meter (sq. m) 0.00064516 Newton-meter (N-m) 1.356 Square yard (sq. yd) Square meter (sq. m) 0.8391 ) Mass per volume (density Square mile (sq. mi) Square kilometer (sq. km) 2.6 ound per cubic foot

Kilogram per cubic meter (kg/cu m) 16.01846P (pcf) Volume yard Kilogram per cubic meter (kg/cu m) 0.5933Pound per cubic (lb/cu yd) Cubic inch (cu in.) Cubic centimeter (cu cm) 16.387064 Velocity bic meter (cu m) 0.00001639 Mile per hour (mph) Kilometer per hour

Cubic inch (cu in.) Cu (km/hr) 1.60934 Cubic foot (cu ft) Cubic meter (cu m) 0.02831685 Mile per hour (mph) Kilometer per second (km/sec) 0.44704 Cubic yard (cu yd) Cubic meter (cu m) 0.7645549 Temperature Gallon (gal) Can. liquid Liter 4.546 Degree Fahrenheit (°F) Degree Celsius (°C) tC = (tF - 32)/1.8

Gallon (gal) Can. liquid Cubic meter (cu m) 0.004546 Degree Fahrenheit (°F) Degree Kelvin (°K) tK= (tF+59.7)/1.8 Gallon (gal) U.S. liquid* Liter 3.7854118 Degree Kelvin (°K) Degree Celsius (°C) t C = (t K -273.15) Gallon (gal) U.S. liquid Cubic meter (cu m) 0.00378541 Degree Celsius (°C) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) t F = 1.8t C + 32 Fluid ounce (fl oz) Milliliters (ml) 29.57353 * One U.S. gallon equals 0.8327 Canadian gallon Fluid ounce (fl oz) Cubic meter (cu m) 0.00002957 ** A Pascal equals 1000 Newton per square meter. Force Kip (1000 lb.) Kilogram (kg) 453.6 The prefixes and symbols below are commonly used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI units Kip (1000 lb.) Newton (N) 4,448.222 Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol Pound (lb.) Kilogram (kg) 0.4535924 1,000,000,000 = 10 9 Giga G Pound (lb.) Newton (N) 4.448222 1,000,000 = 10 6 Mega M Stress or pressure 1,000 = 10 3 Kilo k Kip/sq. inch (ksi) Mega Pascal (Mpa) 6.894757 0.01 = 10 -2 Centi c Kip/sq. inch (ksi) Kilogram/square centimeter (kg/sq. cm) 70.31 0.001 = 10 -3 Milli m Pound/sq. inch (psi) Kilogram/square centimeter (kg/sq. cm) 0.07031 0.000001 = 10 -6 Micro µ Pound/sq. inch (psi) Pascal (Pa) ** 6,894.757 0.000000001 = 10 -9 Nano n Pound/sq. inch (psi) Mega Pascal (Mpa) 0.00689476

C-1