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New Updates on PD&R Edge

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PD&R UPDATES

8 April, 2026  

Edge logo with text PD&R Edge, an online magazine and graphics of houses

PD&R Edge, an online magazine, provides you with a snapshot view of our newly released research, periodicals, publications, news, and commentaries on housing and urban development issues.

Prefabricated houses under construction in a large building.

Reframe Systems, founded in 2022, combines AI-powered robotics, modular microfactories, and vertically integrated delivery to build high-performance homes quickly while creating pathways into the building trades for a new generation of workers in factory-based environments. By controlling construction in a factory setting and overseeing design, permitting, site assembly, and occupancy, the company has already reported reducing costs and build times by 35 percent and 50 percent, respectively.

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A hub-and-spoke diagram showing OCAFs at the center with operating cost components—wages, employee benefits, goods, natural gas, water/sewer/trash, electricity, fuel oil, property insurance, and property taxes—pointing inward.

RESEARCH & DATA SPOTLIGHT

Operating Cost Adjustment Factors: Overview and Recent Methodological Developments
Operating Cost Adjustment Factors (OCAFs) are rent-adjustment factors that PD&R computes annually for each state, the Virgin Islands, the Pacific Islands, Puerto Rico, and the nation overall. HUD requires the use of OCAFs to adjust only the portion of rents attributable to operating costs for several federal programs. This article discusses OCAFs today, including a summary of their calculation; describes how OCAFs differ from Annual Adjustment Factors, another rent adjustment factor used by HUD; and discusses recent methodological changes to OCAFs, especially concerning property insurance cost measurement.

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Exterior of townhouses and a five-story apartment building.

IN PRACTICE

New Housing Benefits Residents and Community in Madison's Hawthorne Area
Rise Madison is built on a 6-acre site in the Hawthorne neighborhood of Madison, Wisconsin. The project’s 245 units of income-limited housing make Rise Madison one of the largest government-subsidized housing developments to open in the state's history. Thanks to the scale of the development, Rise Madison is contributing to the economic redevelopment of the area, while the influx of new families is helping to stabilize enrollment at the nearby community elementary school.

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