Pre-Disaster Planning

for Permanent Housing Recovery

volume one

OVERVIEW

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research Visit PD&R’s website

www.huduser.org

to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s research information service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources), access to public use databases, and a hotline (800-245-2691) for help accessing the information you need.

Pre-Disaster Planning

for Permanent Housing Recovery

VOLUME 1: Overview

Prepared for:

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Policy Development and Research

Prepared by:

Randall A. Cantrell, Ph.D.; NAHB Research Center

Isabelina Nahmens, Ph.D.; Louisiana State University John Peavey; NAHB Research Center

Karmen Bryant; NAHB Research Center

Matthew Stair; NAHB Research Center

January 2012

Acknowledgements

HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research: Government Technical Representatives: Michael D. Blanford and Dana Bres, PE

Contributing Factory-Built Housing Manufacturers: Illustrations and technical content from actual manufacturers are intended to demonstrate the overall process of delivering a factory-built home. We thank the following manufacturers for their contributions to this study in 2010.

Forest Homes

Louisiana Systems Built Homes

Palm Harbor Homes

About the NAHB Research Center

Located in Upper Marlboro, MD, the NAHB Research Center promotes innovation in housing technology to improve the quality, durability, affordability, and environmental performance of homes and home building products. Created more than 40 years ago as a subsidiary of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), the NAHB Research Center has established itself as the source for reliable, objective information and research on housing construction and development issues. Through its various testing and certification services, the Research Center seal is internationally recognized as a mark of product quality and an assurance of product performance.

Disclaimer

Neither the NAHB Research Center, Inc., nor any person acting on its behalf, makes any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this publication or that such use may not infringe privately owned rights, or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this publication, or is responsible for statements made or opinions expressed by individual authors.

The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or the U.S. Government.

Visit PD&R’s website www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s Research Information Service, include listservs; special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources); access to public use databases; and hotline 1-800-245-2691 for help accessing the information you need.

Foreword

Since Hurricane Katrina, many lessons have been learned about the importance of disaster preparedness planning and the impact of such planning on permanent residential housing recovery. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development continues to explore new strategies for supporting state and local governments as they prepare and plan for disasters.

In cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Disaster Housing Task Force, we continue to address the temporary, interim, and permanent housing challenges that communities confront in a post-disaster environment.

This report introduces pre-disaster planning tools for permanent housing, with a special emphasis on community involvement in the planning process. We believe that when the community participates, a plan has a greater chance of success because it will reflect the specific housing needs and preferences of the residents. Our national disaster housing strategy recognizes that a “one-size-fits-all” approach is not sufficient for any disaster plan; thus, a flexible approach is encouraged within this report. In fact, the strength of this report is based on its utility and flexibility, which is captured within the electronic tool, worksheets, and checklist.

Planners will be able to use this report to guide the community through the planning process by identifying hazards, housing capabilities, and additional resources needed to implement a pre-disaster housing recovery plan. During the planning process, the community will discover what housing resources are needed to rebuild within a specified time and better understand if it is prepared based on current resources. By considering multiple rebuilding options, the community will be able to weigh the cost and benefits of any given recovery plan.

The planning tools presented in this report are limited to single-family housing needs. This is driven by a desire to keep this volume to a manageable size and not because of a view that other aspects are unimportant. It is vital that communities plan for multifamily and rental housing recovery as well.

Pre-disaster planning can provide a foundation for remaking neighborhoods into dynamic new communities following a disaster. This report provides tools to help make this a reality at the local level. Importantly, it does not direct but rather empowers the planner and community with the tools they need to find the right answer for their circumstance. This approach is aligned with our national disaster preparedness strategy, which emphasizes local involvement in the disaster planning process.

Raphael W. Bostic, Ph.D.

Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research i

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Table of Contents

Foreword i

Executive Summary

iv

1

Introduction 1

2

Overview: Four Housing Types

2

Manufactured Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The Construction Process—Approval and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Modular Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Construction Process—Approval and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Panelized Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

The Construction Process—Approval and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Site-Built Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

The Construction Process—Approval and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Resources 10

Manufactured Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Modular Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Panelized Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Site-Built Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ii

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery List of Photos

Photos

Photo 2-1: A Typical Manufactured Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Photo 2-2: A Typical Modular Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Photo 2-3: A Typical Panelized Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Photo 2-4: A Typical Site-Built Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

iii

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Executive Summary

Disaster preparedness planning is important to communities and local governments through-out the country, and particularly relevant to those communities located in regions prone to frequent natural disasters. As a result, it is important to develop strategic planning tools that can assist the local communities and governments to prepare before, during, and after a disaster.

The objective of this study is to provide communities and governments with strategic planning tools they can use before a disaster to prepare for rapid reconstruction. These tools are intended to aid with hastening reconstruction of housing during the recovery phase. The planning tools presented within this document are designed to be used by federal, state, or local officials that are responsible for disaster recovery planning. Nonetheless, the authors envision the planners and community working together to develop a permanent housing recovery plan based on the unique needs of the residents and the natural hazards they may experience.

The content is presented in four short volumes. The first volume provides an overview of the permanent housing options, which include manufactured, modular, panelized, and site-built housing. The second volume provides a summary of the national disaster housing strategy, and describes a straightforward planning approach for estimating potential losses and expediting rebuilding. The third volume presents the House Capacity Calculator, which is an easy-to-use application that estimates required rebuilding time based on available house production capacity. The fourth volume describes the basic plant design requirements for manufactured, modular, and panelized housing.

This document serves as both a primer on the subject of permanent housing recovery and a guide to planning for the rebuilding of housing after a disaster. The step-by-step layout of this document allows the reader to progress through the planning process, which makes it ideal for the community participant who is not a disaster management professional. The planning tools have been designed to (1) identify critical planning issues, (2) identify various options available to the community, and (3) compare options in a straightforward manner. The reader is encouraged to use the House Capacity Calculator when considering multiple strategies for the long-term rebuilding of permanent housing. We also have included several worksheets and checklists to facilitate the planning process.

iv

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery

1 Introduction

Overview

Volume 1

of permanent housing options

2

Planning Strategy

3

Planning Tools

4

Basic Plant Design

Volume 1 provides an overview of typical permanent the community can easily allow it to be used through housing options, which include manufactured, modular, its local building code department. If the housing type panelized, and site-built housing. This volume is a primer is not recognized by the state, the community will have for the reader who is unfamiliar with these housing types, to work with the state, local government, and industry the construction permitting process, building codes, local organizations to establish a new construction process that zoning ordinances, inspections, and financing. It also recognizes the housing type. This process is very involved serves as a key reference during the development of a pre- and may require several years to complete; thus, it should disaster plan.

be pursued before a disaster event occurs.

This volume encourages the planner and community

During the planning process, the community must

to work with key government agencies (such as HUD

consider single family, multifamily and rental housing and FEMA), housing manufacturers, builders, and

needs. This document and the planning tools are designed industry organizations. To assist the community, we have to address the community’s single-family housing needs, identified the key agencies and organizations that can which is one aspect of the strategic disaster recovery plan. facilitate the planning process for all permanent housing It is important to use the planning tools without neglect-types. Please refer to the Resources Chapter for contact ing multifamily and rental housing concerns.

information.

After reviewing the permanent housing options, the

community may decide to consider rebuilding with

certain housing types that are not currently used. If the housing type is currently recognized for use by the state, 1

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery

2 Overview: Four Housing Types

Manufactured Housing

Inspection Agency (DAPIA) and (2) a Production

Inspection Primary Inspection Agency (IPIA). DAPIAs and IPIAs can be state agencies or private corporations.

Overview

A current list of all inspection agencies is maintained by HUD and the Institute for Building Technology

Manufactured homes are built to the Manufactured

and Safety (IBTS), HUD’s contract monitoring agent

Home Construction and Safety Standards (HUD Code), for the Federal Manufactured Housing Program as of a federal code established under the National Manufac-2010. IBTS is responsible for the monitoring and annual tured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act assessment of the business processes and procedures of of 1974. Manufactured homes are built in the controlled the manufacturers, third-party agencies (DAPIA/IPIA), environment of a manufacturing plant and are trans-and state government agencies that participate in the ported to the installation site in one or more sections on federal program.2

a permanent chassis.1 The exterior of each transportable section displays a red certification label, which certifies Before a manufactured housing unit is constructed, the that the manufactured home meets the HUD Code.

DAPIA must review and approve the home design and

the plant’s quality assurance manual. Then the IPIA With few exceptions, manufactured housing is available must certify the plant, monitor the manufacturer’s quality in one-story designs and may be one to two or more sec-control program, inspect each manufactured home at

tions in width. The multiple sections include plumbing, one stage of construction, and issue the HUD certifica-heating, and electrical systems, which are joined together tion label that is attached to each housing unit after it is at the installation site. When the home is transported completed. The manufactured home is then transported to the site, the axles and wheels are removed from the to the installation site and installed on a foundation that frame; however, the frame remains as part of the home.

must meet HUD’s Manufactured Home Installation

Manufactured housing can be installed with or without a Standards. The manufacturer must provide installation permanent foundation, as a temporary or permanent

instructions and certification by a professional engineer structure with anchors. The foundation is typically or registered architect confirming that the foundation constructed using concrete block piers placed under the frame. A non-load bearing wall (or skirt) is often installed around the perimeter of the home to conceal the piers and frame. When connected to utilities, a manufactured

home is ready to be used as a residential dwelling.

A typical manufactured home is shown in Photo 2-1.

The Construction Process—Approval and

Inspection

Manufacturing plants are monitored by HUD-approved

third parties to ensure the facilities comply with the HUD Code. For each plant, the manufacturer must

establish primary inspection agency agreements with Photo 2-1: A Typical Manufactured Home

two third-party agencies: (1) a Design Approval Primary Source: Palm Harbor Homes 2

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Overview: Four Housing Types

support and anchoring meets the Manufactured Home

Installation Standards. Third-party monitoring and

inspection of the installation are typically provided by a representative from the state or local government. After the manufactured home is installed and occupied, any consumer complaints are addressed by the manufacturer of the home or the State Administrative Agencies

(SAAs), which are authorized by HUD to assist with

consumer complaints and corrective actions.

Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning Manufactured housing may or may not become real

property depending on whether the home is installed permanently or temporarily on a lot owned by the

homeowner, or on a lot leased by the homeowner. FHA provides insured mortgages for manufactured housing through several programs. FHA’s Title II program

provides mortgages for manufactured homes affixed to permanent foundations, and the Title I program also provides loans for purchase of manufactured homes or lots.3

When the manufactured home is not installed on a

permanent foundation, it is not treated as real property for financing proposes. Instead, the manufactured home has been historically financed as personal property. When a manufactured home is treated as personal property, the value tends to depreciate. The Fannie Mae Selling Guide defines detailed appraisal requirements for manufactured housing, which are based on “market-based property

valuations for manufactured homes,” by comparing the

“sales of manufactured homes that are truly comparable to the subject property.” In September 2009, Fannie Mae launched the MH Select™ Appraisal Guideline “to appeal to a broader consumer market and compete head-on with site-built housing.” The initiative aims to collaborate with manufacturers to “ensure that MH Select™ homes are on-par [aesthetically and architecturally] with site-built housing.”4

Nonetheless, several challenges persist in terms of local zoning and code restrictions for manufactured housing.

Many of these challenges were evident after Hurricane Katrina during the long-term housing recovery effort in the Gulf Coast region. As part of disaster preparedness planning, local jurisdictions should review their local zoning and code requirements to ensure a manufactured housing solution can be implemented with ease.

3

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery

Overview: Four Housing Types

Modular Housing

The Construction Process—Approval and

Inspection

Overview

The modular manufacturing plant must comply with

the state building code. To ensure adherence, the con-A modular home is built to the same state building code struction process is monitored by the state agency or a used by conventional site builders. Although state build-state-approved third party. Generally, the state licenses a ing codes vary across the nation, most states have adopted manufacturer to build modular homes in accordance with a version of the International Codes (e.g., IBC, IRC) the state building code. This process varies state by state, published by the International Code Council (ICC).

but all will include a house design review to confirm the While the ICC5 and other resources6 maintain updated design meets the state building code, in-plant inspections directories that identify the building codes used by each of the house to ensure it is being built in accordance with U.S. state or territory, the process for constructing an the state building code, and site inspections during the approved modular home will vary from state to state, construction of the foundation and installation of the so it is important to know the requirements of the state house.

agency that regulates modular home construction. HUD

maintains a list of state regulators for modular housing.7

The IBTS works with 31 state-regulated modular

programs to produce a Modular Home State Certifica-

A modular home is built to near completion in a factory tion Label. The label certifies that a modular home in one or more sections. The home is typically designed meets HUD’s Technical Suitability of Products (TSP) and constructed using wood floor systems. It is not Program—“under this program, modular and closed-cell required to be built on a permanent metal frame or

construction encompasses factory-built structures and chassis. Instead, a modular chassis is used to transport complex structural assemblies (not including manu-the home to the installation site and then returned to the factured homes) that are inspected and labeled under factory to transport other homes.

state-regulated programs. This permits such structures A wide range of house designs—including one-story

and assemblies to be eligible for HUD-associated

ranch style, split- and bi-levels, one-and-a-half-story building construction and FHA-insured financing

Cape Cod styles, two-stories, three-stories, townhouses, without HUD approval, or inspection of specific plans or and a variety of contemporary designs—can be built as a individual unit construction.”8

modular home.

The states of Minnesota, New Jersey, and Rhode Island All modular homes are installed on permanent founda-jointly created the Industrialized Buildings Commission tions and are never relocated. The permanent raised to streamline the design, manufacture, delivery, and foundations are load-bearing structures virtually identical installation of modular homes. According to the to those used by conventional site builders. A typical Industrialized Buildings Commission, the goal of

modular home is shown in Photo 2-2.

the organization is “to eliminate costly duplication of reviews and inspections by multiple jurisdictions. The coordinating compact enables member states to improve their efficiency and reduce their costs by consolidating similar services while continuing to operate, staff, and enforce industrialized (modular) buildings programs.

Improved compliance through uniform rules, regulations and procedures; better enforcement through sharing of information and findings; and reduced costs through elimination of redundant reviews and inspections are just some of the compact’s benefits.”

Photo 2-2: A Typical Modular Home

Source: Palm Harbor Homes

4

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Overview: Four Housing Types

Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning Since modular homes are built to the same state building code used by conventional builders and installed on a permanent foundation, the homes are considered real property. Typically, modular homes will appreciate at the same value as comparable conventional, site-built homes.

In fact, the Fannie Mae Selling Guide does not make any appraisal distinctions between modular houses and site-built homes provided the modular home is “designed as a one-family dwelling, assumes the characteristics of site-built housing, is legally classified as real property, is permanently affixed to a foundation system that is appropriate for the soil conditions of the site, and meets local and state codes.”9

Modular homes are typically purchased through a home builder and financed using conventional mortgage

financing. Generally, modular homes are permitted in the same residential zones and subdivisions as are conventional site-built homes. Nonetheless, the regulating state agency must have a modular program in place and the local jurisdictions must be familiar with the construction process to avoid confusion or zoning restrictions.

5

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery

Overview: Four Housing Types

Panelized Housing

process varies state by state, but all will include a house design review to confirm the design meets the state building code; in-plant inspections of all “closed-wall” Overview

panel components to ensure compliance with the state building code; and site inspections of all “open-wall” Similar to modular homes, panelized homes are built to panel components and the foundation—the same as

the same state building code used by conventional site building inspections for site-built housing.

builders. Although state building codes vary across the nation, most states have adopted a version of the Inter-Similar to modular homes, IBTS works with 31 state-

national Codes (e.g., IBC, IRC, etc.) that are published regulated programs to ensure that panelized components by the International Code Council (ICC). To identify produced in a factory meet HUD’s Technical Suitability the building codes in a given state, contact the state of Products (TSP) Program, which “permits such struc-government and local jurisdiction where the panelized tures and assemblies to be eligible for HUD-associated home will be built. While the ICC

building construction and FHA-insured financing

10 and other resources11

maintain updated directories that identify the building without HUD approval, or inspection of specific plans or codes used by each U.S. state or territory, the process individual unit construction.”13

for approving the use of panelized components will vary from state to state, so it is important to know the require- Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning ments of the state agency that regulates panelized home construction. HUD maintains a list of state regulators for Since panelized homes are built to the same state build-panelized housing.12

ing code used by conventional builders and installed on a permanent foundation, the homes are considered real A panelized home manufacturer prefabricates all hous-property. Typically, panelized homes will appreciate at ing components and delivers these components to the the same value as comparable conventional, site-built installation site. Panelized homes are delivered as a homes. In fact, the Fannie Mae Selling Guide does not complete set of engineered exterior and interior wall make any appraisal distinctions between “prefabricated panels, structural floor systems, exterior decks, and roof housing” and site-built homes provided the panelized and floor trusses. Although some manufacturers only home is “designed as a one-family dwelling, assumes the provide panels for one type of housing component (e.g., characteristics of site-built housing, is legally classified as roof truss or flooring), this study focuses on the panelized real property, is permanently affixed to a foundation home manufacturer that provides prefabricated panel system that is appropriate for the soil conditions of the components for the “whole house solution,” including site, and meets local and state codes.”14

everything from windows and doors to siding, paint, and even appliances. A panelized home manufacturer typi-Panelized homes are typically purchased through a

cally utilizes advanced technology to build all housing home builder and financed using conventional mortgage components, including computer-aided design and

financing. Generally, panelized homes are permitted manufacturing tools to produce detailed drawing plans in the same residential zones and subdivisions as are and the panelized components that will be transported to the installation site and assembled to complete the home.

A typical panelized home is shown in Photo 2-3.

The Construction Process—Approval and

Inspection

The panelized manufacturing plant must comply with

the state building code. To ensure adherence, the construction process is monitored by the state agency or a state-approved third party. Generally, the state licenses a manufacturer to build panelized components for the Photo 2-3: A Typical Panelized Home

home in accordance with the state building code. This Source: Forest Homes

6

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Overview: Four Housing Types

conventional site-built homes. Nonetheless, the regulating state agency must have a panelized program in

place and the local jurisdictions must be familiar with the construction process to avoid confusion or zoning restrictions.15

7

| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery

Overview: Four Housing Types

Site-Built Housing

delays are common. For site-built homes, the construction process will typically take about 90 days. A typical site-built home is shown in Photo 2-4.

Overview

The Construction Process—Approval and

Site-built homes are constructed using the local building Inspection

code, which is based on the state building code. Although state building codes vary across the nation, most states To ensure adherence to the state and local building codes, have adopted a version of the Interna tional Codes (e.g., the construction process is monitored and inspected IBC, IRC, etc.), which are published by the International by the local building code official. This process varies Code Council (ICC). A few local jurisdictions still use from locality to locality, but every jurisdiction will have the legacy building codes (i.e., BOCA, SBCCI, ICBO, or a building permit procedure to confirm the house and CABO). The ICC maintains an updated directory16 that plot design meets the state building code and the local identifies the building codes used by each U.S. state or zoning ordinance, respectively. Once the building permit territory; nonetheless, the construction process will vary is issued, the builder can begin construction. During the locally and the builder must follow the state and local construction process, several inspections will be required; jurisdiction requirements for residential construction in generally, this will include a foundation inspection, terms of building practices, permitting, and inspection.

open framing inspection, electrical inspection, plumbing In 2010, site-built housing represented approximately 82

inspection, mechanical inspection, and a final inspection.

percent of all of the residential housing built in the After each inspection, the builder will need to address United States. Most site-built home builders construct any construction compliance or safety issues identified by wood-frame housing using the local building code. All the inspector. Once the final inspection is complete and materials and house components are delivered to the the construction is approved, the builder will be issued construction site, where the house is built from “the a certificate of occupancy by the local building code ground up.” First, the site is prepared and the foundation department.

is installed. Second, the structural framing is completed and the house is “closed-in.” Third, the exterior and Real Property Status, Financing, & Local Zoning interior of the house are finished, which includes exterior cladding, roofing materials, insulation, electrical, plumb-Since site-built homes are constructed in accordance with ing, HVAC, interior drywall, windows, doors, fixtures, state/local building code and installed on a permanent appliances, cabinets, floor coverings, painting, and final foundation, the homes are considered real property.

landscaping. During the entire construction process, Typically, the value of site-built homes will appreci-building permits and inspections are required. Nonetheless, ate, but this depends upon the current housing market even on well-managed projects, weather-related

condition. The Fannie Mae Selling Guide defines the appraisal process for any home, which is site built or has the characteristics of site-built housing.17 New site-built homes are typically purchased through a home builder and financed using conventional mortgage financing

based on the appraised value of the house.

Generally, local zoning will define where residential housing can be built. Site-built homes must meet both local building code and zoning requirements. The zoning official will review the plot plans to ensure that all zoning ordinances are met. Lastly, many communities or subdivisions are also governed by home owner associations, which define covenants, conditions, and restrictions for Photo 2-4: A Typical Site-Built Home

use of the property.

Source: NAHB Research Center

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| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Overview: Four Housing Types

1 http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/ramh/mhs/faq.cfm

(HUD’s definition for manufactured homes)

2 http://www.ibts.org/manu_housing.shtml

(IBTS Services)

3 Programs of HUD: Major Mortgage, Grant, Assistance, and Regulatory Programs, (HUD 2006).

http://archives.hud.gov/pubs/ProgOfHUD06.pdf

4 https://www.efanniemae.com/sf/guides/ssg/

(Fannie Mae Selling Guide)

5 http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/Documents/stateadoptions.pdf (ICC Building Code Directory per State)

6 http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/building-codes/

(Reed Construction Data Building Code Directory)

7 http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/ramh/mhs/mhscat3.cfm (State Regulator Contacts for Modular Homes)

8 http://www.ibts.org/mod_home.shtml

(IBTS and Certified Modular Labels for State Programs) 9 https://www.efanniemae.com/sf/guides/ssg/

(Fannie Mae Selling Guide)

10 http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/Documents/stateadoptions.pdf (ICC Building Code Directory per State)

11 http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/building-codes/

(Reed Construction Data Building Code Directory)

12 http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/ramh/mhs/mhscat3.cfm (State Regulator Contacts for Panelized Homes)

13 IBTS web page

14 https://www.efanniemae.com/sf/guides/ssg/

(Fannie Mae Selling Guide)

15 Steve Winter Associates and HUD, Integrating Panels into the Homebuilding Process, (HUD 2005), page 19.

16 http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/Documents/stateadoptions.pdf 17 https://www.efanniemae.com/sf/guides/ssg/

(Fannie Mae Selling Guide)

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| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery Resources

Manufactured Housing

There are several resources that support manufactured housing, including HUD’s Office of Manufactured Housing Programs, the IBTS, and the Manufactured Housing Institute (MHI).

http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/ramh/mhs/mhshome.cfm (HUD’s Office of Manufactured Housing Programs)

http://www.ibts.org/index.shtml (IBTS website)

http://www.factorybuilthousing.com/Default.asp (MHI website) Modular Housing

There are several resources that support modular housing, including the NAHB Building Systems Council, the IBTS, and the IBC.

http://www.nahb.org/page.aspx/category/sectionID=809 (NAHB Building Systems Council

—Modular Homes)

http://www.ibts.org/mod_home.shtml (IBTS Modular Home State Certification Labels) http://www.interstateibc.org/about.htm (IBC Function and Modular Home State Certification Labels)

Panelized Housing

There are several resources that support panelized hous ing, including the NAHB Building Systems Council and the IBTS.

http://www.nahb.org/page.aspx/category/sectionID=809 (NAHB Building Systems Council

—Panelized Homes)

http://www.ibts.org/mod_home.shtml (IBTS support for factory-built systems) Site-Built Housing

There are several resources that support site-built housing including the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), and NAHB’s local Home Builders’ Associations.

http://www.nahb.org/local_association_search_form.aspx , and International Code Council http://www.iccsafe.org

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| Pre-Disaster Planning for Permanent Housing Recovery

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Policy Development and Research

Washington, DC 20410-6000

January 2012